An Examination of Deontology and Utilitarianism in Deeply...

An Examination of Deontology and Utilitarianism in Deeply Moral Situations Samuel Adams (1722 - 1803), an American patriot and politician, once stated, Mankind are governed more by their feelings than by reason[1]. This statement is significant, as it undermines two of the primary ethical doctrines in philosophy - the deontological perspective defended by Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) in Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (634), and utilitarianism, supported by John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) in his essay, Utilitarianism (667). Deontology and utilitarianism are contrasting theories. The former focuses on the intrinsic moral worth of our actions, whereas the latter argues that the consequences of our actions determine†¦show more content†¦In this situation, the prospect of losing one or more of her children will undoubtedly cause the woman tremendous emotional anguish. Her plight corroborates Adams statement and implies that it is impossible to arrive at a rational decision in moral situations that elicit an emotional response. If the woman approaches the situation from a deontological standpoint, her decision will be influenced by her desire to act from duty and uphold a maxim that encompasses moral worth. For example, could the woman act according to a maxim that supposes it is prudent (in dire circumstances such as those in which she finds herself) to sacrifice one persons life to save the lives of others? If this maxim can be proved valid (i.e., universalizable), it seems evident that she will choose to kill one child to preserve the lives of the other two. However, this maxim is clearly not universalizable, as it involves using someone as a means to an end. Kant emphasizes, Man must always be regarded as an end in himself. Therefore I cannot dispose of man in my own person so as to mutilate, corrupt, or kill him (662). The child who is to be murdered will obviously not consent to this fate for the reason that it is a duty to preserve ones life, and everyone has a direct inclination to do s o (645). As a result, he will not be considered an end in himself, as he will not agree to share in the purpose of his mothers action (663).Show MoreRelatedApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 Pagesethics is a specialized branch of ethics focusing on how moral standards apply to business organizations and behavior (Velasques, 1998). As such, it cannot be understood separately from the general ideas of ethics, and the general ethical theories apply to business ethics as well (Hunt Vitell, 1986; Fritzsche Becker, 1984; Schumann, 2001; Lahdesnati, 2005). Normative ethical theory offers different moral theories, each prescribing a set of moral rules that individuals can apply in the process of decidingRead MoreThe Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace13824 Words   |  56 Pagespersonality of the victim (Bjorkqvist et al.,  ¨ 1994), a general negative evaluation of the leadership Ethical Climate and Bullying style and conï ¬â€šict resolution strategies of the employee’s immediate supervisor (TÄ ±naz, 2006; Vartia, 1996), low moral standards and culture (Einarsen, 1999), and a combination of organizational, work group and personal factors (Zapf, 1999) have been mentioned. However, bullying or mobbing behaviour does not occur in isolation, this behaviour evolves during time andRead MoreEntertainment Media Ethics : Music And Music Videos8248 Words   |  33 Pagesindustry would require picking up logic, thinking about the effects of the music and music videos on audiences. Ethics is needed in the music industry to build credibility among artistes and fans, to build trustworthiness. It will make music makers think deeply about the work they create, about the meanings that they convey with those words and the effects their music have on audiences. In line with Plato who believed that musicians are imitations of the physical world which is in turn an imitation of the

Race And Ethnic Relations In Society. Society Has Established

Race and Ethnic Relations in Society Society has established itself as a place in which hierarchies are established in order to work as a whole. The different levels of this hierarchies can be influenced based on things such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religion. One of the main controversial issues in society is how race and ethnicity can be used as labels for some individuals. Race is based on physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, or stature (Healey Stepnick, 2016). In the other hand, ethnicity is based on cultural traits such as religion, language, dress styles, or speech patterns (Healey Stepnick, 2016). Furthermore, differences in beliefs about which race and ethnicity should be the†¦show more content†¦Eventually, the creations of this laws can lead to a conflict between different races. Analyzing the United States history various past and current struggles between the White American dominant group and racial and ethnic minor ities can be brought to light. A good example of this could be the creation of Jim Craw laws. For instance, Southern cities created laws that forced African Americans to ride on the back of the bus. If they were to denied riding on the back then they would get arrested (Healey Stepnick, 2016). These laws were created with the purpose of keeping the belief of white supremacy in the United States which also allowed for the marginalization of African Americans minorities. Certainly, conflict can also arise when the minority group is perceived as a threat by the dominant group. A good example of this could be the Jewish holocaust. German Nazis started to believe that they were racially superior to the Jewish. In addition, because they considered themselves as the superior race they believed that they were entitled to have control over the country’s resources. Furthermore, as mentioned by Hagan, Shedd, and Payne (2005), this theory can also explain crime by saying that the mistre atment, lack of power and subordination of races can play a role in crime rates. It is known that minorities have the highest incarceration rates. As mentioned by FranklinShow MoreRelatedAll Men Are Created Equal1103 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial issue of race continues to strain our country as we pursue to achieve ultimate tolerance for all. To combat inequalities, we must identify the obstacles that refrain us from establishing complete equality. In Models of American Ethnic Relations: A Historical Perspective, historian George M. Fredrickson writes extensively about the ethnic relations between different races and religions throughout American history. Frederickson analyzes four models of ethnic relations, which include hierarchyRead MoreDifference Between Ethnicity And Class939 Words   |  4 PagesAn ideology is a system of concepts which attempts to describe reality. Ideologies are established because truth is often too complex to be understood. They also imitate a bia s and works for the benefit of a specific group. Some ideologies are well stranded in reality, whereas others are totally detached from reality and are only possible to explain in terms of the emotional and mental inspirations of its advocates. Ideologies either over-simplify reality or entirely alter it. Yet, it is at timesRead MoreRace And Racial Relations During The United States1380 Words   |  6 Pages1. Why is it important to learn about race and racial relations in this country? It is crucial to learn about race and racial relations in the United States because our country is home to many immigrants and there has been many issues regarding race in this country. For example, African Americans struggled to be accepted and treated as an equal—dealing with racism. Diversity is a huge factor in this country since it is increasing every moment. In order to survive, immigrants must assimilate to AmericanRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1486 Words   |  6 PagesName: Professor: Course: Date: In Debating Sex and Gender and After Identity, Dr. Warnke presents various arguments that demonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the three conceptsRead MoreCanada Is Not The Post Racist Utopia1618 Words   |  7 Pagestruths, can the domain of race, ethnic, and Aboriginal relations in Canada be properly interpreted. Fleras (2017) defines multiculturalism as a set of principles, policies, and practices for accommodating diversity as a legitimate and integral component of society. More in detail, the Multiculturalism Act (1988) declared that the Government of Canada must â€Å"recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism reflects the cultural and racial diversity of Canadian society and acknowledges theRead MoreDebating Sex and Gender and After Identity1479 Words   |  6 PagesName: Professor: Course: Date: In Debating Sex and Gender and After Identity, Dr. Warnke presents various arguments that demonstrate how sex, gender, and race are all social constructs. Do you agree or disagree with her argument, and why? Concepts of sex, gender and race in English language have undergone uncountable naturalization and universalities, to a point that they are now considered to have always been present. There are numerous arguments that revolve around the threeRead MoreCultural Identity And Ethnic Identity1253 Words   |  6 Pages When thinking about a Native American understanding the racial and ethnic identity of an individual is important part of that individual. Racial and ethnic identity is a contribution to complete understanding the Native American. For some mainly noticeable and officially clear in minority populations in the United States, racial and ethnic identity are established in very sensible way. The ways in which racial and ethnic is establish is shown in the social and cultural motivations. At theRead More1.Ethnic Niche Are Creations Within Industries Or Occupations1362 Words   |  6 Pages1. Ethnic niche are creations within industries or occupations that affect the desirability and availability of jobs that leads to ethnic division (Race, Ethnicity, and the American Labor Market: What’s at Work?, p. 5). They are basically inclinations for certain types of workers. Ethnic niches can be good environments to have in the workforce if one’s personal ethnic or racial group is included. But, ethnic niches can bar certain groups from getting the jobs and limiting mobility within them. TheRead MoreDiscrimination And Unequal Rights Within Society1198 Words   |  5 PagesPeople living in any country fall upon a certain group in society. Depending on what race they are defines what group they fall under. Two groups that ranks race are the minority (subordinate) gr oup and the majority (dominant) group. Subordinate groups are recognized by their lack of opportunities when it comes to education and wealth, as well as control such as voting, positions of authority, and other privileges that are easily obtainable by the dominant group. Five characteristics also distinguishRead MorePolice Influence On Society : The United States943 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Influence on Society The United States is one of the most civilized and structured countries in the World. Since the early settlers came to the new country and established settlements there has been a need for law enforcement. As most of the settlers immigrated from English colonies it is no surprise that law enforcement in the new world was modeled from English culture however, no matter if its United States or England government is the foundation of law enforcement. As such, policing

An Introduction to Metallurgy

Question: Describe about An introduction to metallurgy? Answer: The healthier device or machine is measure according to low cost maintains as well as depending on the low cost manufacturing. The barbecue is made by the help of the Stainless steel, because it is low operational cost as well as the economic rate of the material is also low and better respect of the other engineering materials (Cottrell, 1995). The construction of the barbecue is also depends some valuable factors, which are shown in below. Accessibility of the material(should be readily available or easily creatable Cost or Prize of the material used and (Cheaper as possible and also durable at the same time) Stability of the material in the operational situation or environment.(Should be able to bear large amounts of thermal stress) Often ferrite materials are used for the making of barbeque grills. The main The Stainless Steel is used for the making of the Barbecue plate. Also the materials used must be weather resistant and can be used in both extreme heat and extreme cold temperatures. The surface finishes made to the body should also be fine and smooth so that the grills mounted on top should fit perfectly. Also the presence of any unevenness can result in uneven heat distribution and lead to damage of the entire product. The material is water proof and also works on the high temperature. In most cases the temperatures used is about 230-250 degree Fahrenheit about (121 degree Celsius). The highest temperature used is about 1700 degree Fahrenheit which is about 927 degree Celsius. The melting point of the engineering material or Stainless Steel is 1500 degree Celsius, which helps to improve the basic construction of the barbecue model, hence it is a perfect choice for the body. B. The computer chassis or computer case is the main part that holds the parts inside the central processing unit together. Hence it must be lightweight and durable at the same time. Most of the Computer and Laptop manufacturer are used for making the laptop and computer always by the help of the metals or plastic engineering materials.Often SECC (or steel electro galvanized, cold rolled coil)is used for the manufacture of the chassis (Smallman and Bishop, 1999). Plastic engineering materials are in very light weighted and it is also very easy to make a form or shape cy the help of moulding procedure. The thickness of the plastic determines the durability and also the price of the case. The metals are used for some basic purposes because the cost of the metals are very high as well as weight respect of the other engineering materials for making the computer and laptop. Due to the issues of cost and effectiveness only four materials can be considered: Aluminium- Aluminium is durable. Another important property of aluminium is that it is greatly ductile; hence it is quite easily beaten into sheets. It is highly corrosion resistant. Thermoplastic polymer- The dictionary defines thermoplastic polymer as soft solid that changes its form irreversibly when exposed to 200 Celsius and through a suitable (Kerrod, 2002). Due to this property they can be easily set into moulds to form their required shape. Mild steel- It also has durability and malleability and is also cheaper than that of aluminium. But still aluminium wins the race because aluminium is more malleable than steel. Another disadvantage is that is often quite heavy due to its high density. Titanium-This is the most expensive one of the lot as it is the one that provides the maximum amount of strength and durability and it is also difficult to beat it into sheets because of its huge strength.It also has the highest corrosion resistance and not easily prone to cracks. Often the cases made with titanium are used in military equipment. The best engineering material for making the computer and laptop is the alloy of the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene or ABS plastic and Polycarbonate or PC (Fiell and Fiell, 2009). The mixture of the ABS and PC is the best materials for the computer and laptopbecause the cost of construction is quite low. The combination of the two gives a more lightweight solution on the construction because the addition of the polycarbonate to ABS reduces its density. Another important point to mention is that the strength required to break ABS is around 30-65 Mpa while that of ABS+PC is 60Mpa. This tells us that ABS has more of a fluctuating value of the yielding stress (the greater the thickness the greater is the yielding strength). For this section, we selecting the above case study or Task 1 (a). In this section the barbecue is consist by the help of the Stainless Steel respect of the other engineering materials. For a material to be used as an engineering material, it must have a few qualities like cheap construction, strength and durability in terms of heat produced (i.e. it should be able to withstand large changes in temperature and also not get deformed under the process) and also on the maintenance costs incurred on the grill itself (Dasgupta, 2012). In other words, the installation cost of the used material is low respect of the others engineering materials. The construction of the barbecue by the help of engineering material is also depending on some common factors, which are already discussed in above section of the paper. The selecting engineering material or Stainless Steel is mouldedand also form a barbecue, which is used in outside of the home for that reason the selecting material is so useful because Stainless Steel is water proof (and also weather proof). The Stainless Steel is also helpful for the above mention case study because the constructed barbecue is operated or burns by the help of the LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Charcoal. The burning temperature of the charcoal is in range of 7000 degree Celsius or 900 degree Celsius and flaming temperature of LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is depends on the compressed gas (Kerrod, 2002). The flaming temperature of the LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is different in range according to the nature of the compressed gas such as, normal house hold LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (mixture of Propane Butane) is 1970 degree Celsius when its burning with air or normal condition. And respect of the combustion of the charcoal and LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas, the melting point of selecting engineering material or Stainless Steel is 1500 degree Celsius, which is quite good respect of Mild Steel and Aluminium. TheSelecting engineering material or Stainless Steel is containing low carbon and large amount of chromium contents. For that reason the burning of fuel (LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas) or charcoal are having low capitulate strength and also having great amount of elongation authorizes, which is successfully outward appearance of composite size or shape. In the barbecue cooking gates or grids are for grill the food or meat, which is in the surface of the barbecue (Moniz, 1994). It is also this part that is directly in contact with the flames at all times and hence the most common partto get damaged quite easily.Also the thickness of the grills is also under debate. The thicker they are the lesser amount of heat iscoming in contact with the meat that is cooked. Hence in other words, thinner grills mean better cooked food and thicker ones means that the food is lesser cooked. The materials used for the cooking surface or more specifically the grills have to be- (a)Strong and resilient to thermal stresses, (b) It should be able to transfer heat quickly and efficiently, (c) It should be durable, (d) It should keep the food from sticking to each other. Hence the materials considered for this process are the cast iron, porcelain coated cast iron, stainless steel, and porcelain coated steel. Now we often prefer cast iron grills because they are resistant to high temperatures. Hence they can cook the food quite quickly and easily. But it not free from all troubles. The cast iron ones tend to emit a lot of heat. They should be taken care of by proper oiling and greasing. But due to the high amount of heat emittedby them, they can burn off all the grease applied (Smallman and Bishop, 1999). Hence they need to be checked regularly for rusting by keeping them clean. A good quality cast iron grills can last for years if taken care of properly. Next we come to porcelain cast iron grills. They are quite cheap and come with various qualities. These ones are good but they come with their share of troubles. The cheap ones often tend to chip away due to wear and tear and expose the metal beneath. Now due to the constant presence of moisture and tend to rust the metals beneath the coating. Also once you use the porcelain ones we have to keep in mind of not scrubbing and hence removing the upper cover of porcelain and exposing the metal beneath.Now we come to stainless steel grates. Their advantage is in the fact they are quite easy to maintain and clean. They can never be rusted and are completely immune to any sort of corrosion.They are also cheaper than cast iron grills. The grill marks on the food come out to be very good. They are very durable and can last decades with proper care. But all is not roses with Stainless steel grills.They have a disadvantage of not being able to have the same amount of heat retentive capacities of cast iron (cast iron can hold more amount of heat). They can develop black colour due to the oxidation of the alloy at the contact with the food being cooked.Lastly we come to the porcelain coated stainless steel ones (Dor and Others, 2010). They also like their steel counterparts do not to rust. But due to the porcelain coating care has to be taken while cleaning them. No excess force should with hard substances as it can scrape of the porcelain coating.By the help of the cooking gates or grids the foods are easily grill but if we use iron gates or iron grids respect of Stainless Steel grids or gates then food are making with healthy because when iron grids or iron gates are used in barbecue then foods are containing more acidity respect of the Stainless Steel gates or grids. Hence taking into consideration all the pros and cons about the materials available we can safely take Stainless steel to be the best of the lot. References Cottrell, A. (1995).An introduction to metallurgy. London: Institute of Materials. Dasgupta, R. (2012). Aluminium Alloy-Based Metal Matrix Composites: A Potential Material for Wear Resistant Applications.ISRN Metallurgy, 2012, pp.1-14. Fiell, C. and Fiell, P. (2009).Plastic dreams. [London]: Fiell Pub. Kamdem, Y., Bouvard, D., Doremus, P., Imbault, D. and Dor, F. (2010).Production of bi-material tubular structures by powder metallurgy.Powder Metallurgy, 53(4), pp.274-277. Kerrod, R. (2002).Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Moniz, B. (1994).Metallurgy. Homewood, Ill.: American Technical Publishers. Smallman, R. and Bishop, R. (1999).Modern physical metallurgy and materials engineering. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Smallman, R., Ngan, A. and Smallman, R. (2007).Physical metallurgy and advanced materials. Amsterdam: Butterworth Heinemann.

Racism A Social Issue in the USA Essay Example

Racism A Social Issue in the USA Essay My Ideological Perspective: Disaffected Comfort Dondo-Dewey SOWK 281 December 5th, 2013 Dr. Katharine Hill Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically identify and analyze how the multiple influences have shaped my Ideological world views on important social issues such as, poverty, racism, classism,immigration,obesity,crime and the Justice system as well as health care disparities. In this paper, I will identify how these worldview perspectives relate to some of the principles listed in the NASW Code of Ethics; Social work for social Justice and also the UN Declaration on Human Rights principles. Lastly, this paper attempts to identify any conflicts and or harmonies I possess towards the professional frameworks of social work. Religious and Socio-economical Perspectives Based on my responses to the political typology quiz, I am Disaffected, along with 11% of the American public. The Disaffected are a group of individuals that is highly critical of both government and business, while sympathizing with the poor by supporting social welfare programs. Immigration matters are a strong concern for this group. For the most part, the majority of this group believes that the country annot solve many of its important problems and they are conservative both religiously and socially. This group of people is comprised of people who are mostly financially stressed; nearly half describe their households as struggling and about two-thirds only have a high school education or less. 26% possess a US passport, which is below the national average. Interestingly, 23% of this group of people follow NASCAR racing compared to the national average of 33%. More disaffected is parents (44%). We will write a custom essay sample on Racism A Social Issue in the USA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Racism A Social Issue in the USA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Racism A Social Issue in the USA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To a larger extend, the typology quiz was somewhat accurate; I do sympathize ith the poor and also support social welfare programs. On the contrary, however, I do entirely believe that country can solve its issues and I believe that I am a liberal socially and religiously. I believe my Ideological perspectives and values have been greatly influenced my religious and social upbringing; born and raised in a conservative, rich and very traditional family, I grew up looking at life from the lens of a socially, religiously, conservative and privileged perspective. Having said so, however, I have not always agreed with my fathers involvement in Zimbabwean politics and the corruption that specially the unequal distribution of wealth between those in politics and government and the average person in Zimbabwe. I have always had my own disagreements with the institution of dictatorship and patriarchy; I still believe that most of my young adult life, I have looked at life from a more conservative lens, but also questioned inequalities in my community. Changes in Perspectives Immigrating to the United States at a very young age forced me to live and experience other cultures and religions, especially while attending the College of Saint Catherine. Upon arriving at the College of Saint Catherine, my life changed ecause I was given the opportunity to gain exposure to life experiences that were taboo to my belief systems, including exposure to the LGBTQ community and other religious practices other than the Christian practice that I am familiar with; I have been exposed to Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Atheism to name a few. Being a minority woman, for the first time, it was easy for me to associate with others from different cultures who were similar to myself; hence my ability to change my perspectives on some social, religious and also socio-economic issues. My views and my definition of poverty have changed since I moved to the United States. I used to have a limited knowledge of what it meant to be a minority group or to be poor. Having to deal with the triple Jeopardies of being female, black and an immigrant, I have endured issues like discrimination in the work place and realizing obvious income disparities and this has pushed me into the marginalized groups. Iceland and Wilson (2009), state that areas segregated by race and class frequently saddle poor people with high rent burdens, lack of access to housing, wealth, and housing health risks. All of these factors, as well as historic disenfranchisement, contribute to higher, largely entrenched poverty rate. Every year I have lived in the United States, I have encountered multiple experiences that have changed my perspectives on economic, socio-political and religious perspectives. My views on racism, poverty, and class to name a few have changed as I gain better understanding of my position in a society in which I am a minority. I used to believe that everyone can make it in the idea of the American dream if they only worked hard; in this same mindset, I used to think that those people who were living in poverty, were not trying hard enough but these views have changed with my own personal experiences. I now understand the systematic ways in which minorities are marginalized and are often under- represented in policy making and are somehow held back from higher paying positions making it difficult for certain populations to advance. NASW Code of Ethics UN Declaration of Human Rights According to the NASW (2008) value for Social Justice, the primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human wellbeing and to help meet the basic human needs of all people with a particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty. This is ne of the most important roles that social and poor while supporting social welfare systems, therefore agreeing with the NASW mission for the social work practice. This is accurate because I do sympathize with those who are less fortunate and the marginalized and vulnerable members of the society. According to the United each person needs for a healthy and comfortable life, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and other social services. People have the right to help if they are unable to work. Mothers and children should receive special care and help. This supports my views on those who are poor, vulnerable and marginalized. I believe that it is important to be an advocate for those who do not have the means to speak for themselves and become the middle -man between the resources they need to get and assist them getting those resources. As stated by the United Nations, I believe all human beings deserve an access to basic lifes needs like food, shelter, clothing and medical care. Conflicts Harmonies with professional frameworks of social work According to Stuart (2012), social work draws from many frameworks for practice, but some of these frameworks have had more influence on the profession of social work han others. Among the many different types of frameworks are the Ecosystem perspective, the Strengths perspective, cultural competence perspective, social work ethics and values, social work licensure, and social work practice expectations. Among these many frameworks of practice, I lean towards the strengths perspective and the social work ethics and values more than the cultural competency and the Ecosystems perspective for several reasons. In applying the Strengths perspective in social work practice, the assumption is that every individual, family, group or ommunity has some strength and focusing on them leads to growth and overcoming difficulties. I am in harmony with this perspective because it empowers the clients who in most cases do not have that sense of empowerment. I believe a long- term solution to helping others is not to simply give resources but to teach them how to access them and the strengths perspective seems to draw off of this thought. I do not strongly agree with the cultural competency perspective based on how the NASW defines it; Social workers should understand culture and its function in human ehavior and society, recognizing the strengths that exist in all cultures (NASW 2008). This idea seems to contradict the concept of social workers being learners from their clients. I do not believe that culture is stagnant, it keeps changing as suggested by Laird (1998bbecoming culturally competent is becoming increasingly challenging, he questions whether one can become competent in a culture that is going through constant change. For instance, trying to comprehend the culture of African American individuals, whose culture was defined through slavery, present day African Americans are trying to redefine their own culture based on the present day situation where we have the first African American president. This school of thought argues that instead of becoming competent in their clients cultures, social workers should be aware of their own cultures and be the informed not knowers, so that they can learn about their clients culture from that clients perspective (Laird(1998). I agree with the fact that one cannot learn about other peoples culture or traditions from simply reading or researching about it because within each culture, there are eparate individual families with diverse norms, therefore I disagree with the Cultural Competency based practice. Mo Ye Lee (2005), states that often in social work practice, there is a tendency to pathologize clients, requiring a diagnosis as part of the helping relationshiop. Lee suggests that as we go out to practice, it may be good to assume that not all the clients you will encounter have problems but maybe wrong. I agree with this idea because it seems like a powerful insightful philosophy. This is in essence the strengths -based approach and I am in agreement with this ramework of social work practice. Lastly, I am also in disagreement with the Ecosystems perspective in social work practice; it focuses on the interplay between the person and his or her environment. It seems to focus on the present environment and I think that a persons past experiences play a huge role in their present environment. Although it is true that an individuals environment influences their whole being, the Ecosystem theory seems to ignore the fact that people have a past and that may be the causative agent of the present environment and personal traits. I believe in a holistic approach to social work practice because people are complex and have different needs and wants. Conclusion In conclusion, my religious and cultural upbringing has greatly influenced how I look at the world, but I now must add my own personal life experiences how they can change ones worldview. Although I was raised in a privileged, politically and religiously conservative background, these views have changed over the years as I have had my own personal life experiences which have changed my definitions of some social issues like racism and poverty. As a result, this has increased my illingness to work towards the elimination of some of these inequalities in the society. As Nelson Mandela stated in his popular Long Walk to Freedom Speech, people are taught to hate but they can also learn to love and love is easier than hate so people can easily learn to do the right thing. I was raised in one way that molded my perspectives on so many topics, but I also learned from my environment over time and this has changed many of my world views. References Dean, R. G. (2001). The Myth of Cross-cultural Competence . Families in Society:The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 623-625. Marla-Berg-Weger. (2013). Social Work and Social Welfare. New York : Routledge. Nations, U. (2013, August 23). www. unitednations. org. Retrieved from www. un. org/humanrights/clause25: http:// unitednation. rog Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 623-625 Dean, R. G. (2001). The Myth of Cross-cultural Competence . Families in Society:The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 623-625. Marla-Berg-Weger. (2013). Social Work and Social Welfare. New York : Routledge. Nations, U. (2013, August 23). www. unitednations. org. Retrieved from www. un. org/humanrights/clause25: http://unitednation. rog

Top Tips to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion

An outstanding essay must have three main parts: Introduction Body paragraphs and Conclusion Introduction is used to grab the reader’s attention; the body consists of three or four paragraphs supporting the hypothesis and main argument of the essay, while the conclusion is the last and final chance to leave an impression on a reader. It is necessary that the conclusion of your essay must be written in a way that it forces the reader to give you full marks; in short it must be the best part of any essay. Writing a conclusion is one of the most difficult parts of writing an essay in which usually many writers feel that they are completely out of the words. A good conclusion must: Leave an impression on your professor. Give a sense of wholeness to the essay Stress the significance of the hypothesis Here in this article we share top tips on how to write a conclusion of a compare contrast essay. Have a look: What is compare contrast essay: A compare contrast essay in simple words is also called a comparison essay in which the writer compare two objects or ideas and present their similarities and differences. The main focus of the writer here is on the scope and length of an essay. The conclusion here is also the main part of an essay that must not only paraphrase the thesis statement, but also share the opinion of the author. Paraphrasing the hypothesis: The hypothesis is a sentence that gives an idea to the reader what your essay is all about. It is necessary that the first sentence of the essay conclusion must be the paraphrase or restatement of the hypothesis. The opinion of the author: The body paragraph should usually include the objective information, the conclusion must contain about two sentences eloquent the writer’s opinion, but make sure that there will be no use of â€Å"I† in the conclusion of the essay, as it is not allowed in formal essay writing. The scope of the conclusion: Do not write too much in the conclusion other than the paraphrase hypothesis and the writer’s short opinion. The conclusion is not a story and don’t try to introduce something new or unrelated information in it otherwise the reader will at once reject your essay or will give you low grades. Make sure all the information you mentioned here must be from your introduction or body paragraphs and the scope of the conclusion must be limited to what you have already mentioned in your essay. Remember to always end your conclusion with your opinion. Above are some tips to write a great compare contrast essay conclusion. If you want to make your compare contrast essay conclusion, outstanding and want to get good grades then it is necessary to carefully follow each and every step. Best of luck for your next essay.

Crown Cork and Seal in 1989 Essay Example

Crown Cork and Seal in 1989 Essay Example Crown Cork and Seal in 1989 Paper Crown Cork and Seal in 1989 Paper 1. What are the key strategic issues that Avery (the incoming CEO) needs to consider? What strategic options are open to him? A. Since this is the time to show Avery’s worth he must consider renewed marketing strategies to remain competitive in the business circle. Strategies such as expansion and innovation can be greatly considered. Adapting to manufacturer’s ideas using distinctive designs, shapes and materials through innovation can bring effective symbolism to the product and offers a more active marketing strategy. For one, Continental Can offers a great opportunity to Crown and their merging would mean larger market distribution of their products. Once the line is in broader international market, this is where innovation is needed. Packaging is always synonymous with the use of technology and innovation. Crown has already manifested its product years ago and has proved their marketability. But trying another endeavor would not hurt the company but instead could offer broader and greater opportunities.? 2. What is the appropriate industry to analyze in which Crown competes? A. What is in line with Crown’s business does not solely focus on metal container packaging on colas and other beverages but the whole packaging industry as well. All kinds of food, perishable products, chemicals, detergents and other home and industrial products now come with different containers, designs and materials. Packagers are always on the run to hook many manufacturers as many as they can because manufacturers have the option to choose the best and most reliable packagers, which could offer something new for their products.? 3. How attractive has the metal container industry been over the years? (NOTE: Carry out a straightforward ‘five forces’ structural analysis of the industry. ) A. In the case of aluminum can containers they are still the most popular and preferred containers for beverages because they can be recycled easily, redesigned, put attractive logos and carry the message of the product. There are no other metal containers that can outlast its advantages because it is lighter over glass, steel and plastics and can preserve the products freshness more efficiently (Bradley, 2005).? . In your opinion, how well did Crown Cork founder John Connelly (the outgoing CEO)? What were the keys to its success? A. John Connely has proved himself successful even though he was being criticized for being strict. But he revolutionized the industry not because of his unique style of management, which resulted in redefining the Crowns position on the metal can industry. Many people view his decision as one daring move in putting accountabilities to his regional plant managers. But this idea worked pretty well. Now that it is Averys era, it is time for him to gather courage and try little changes and prove his own style and identity (Bradley, 2005).? 5. What significant changes were taking place in the industry at that time? How should the new CEO, Bill Avery, address these changes? Is it finally time to change the Connelly strategy that had been successful for over 30 years? A. Whatever needs is taking place in this industry is dictated by what people expect. The international market is being run by the most modern technology being use in marketing and expanding of products. Bill Avery should consider using this technology resource that is only within his reach. Crown has surpassed the test of time for many years and still successful. Now that Avery is at the helm, it does not mean changing Connely’s strategy but redefined it. Taking challenges for example at precautionary level will not harm the company but will provide further experience be it becomes a failure or probably another breakthrough.

Understanding Surveys and Samples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Surveys and Samples - Essay Example a hypothesis as â€Å"a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome† (Hatch, 2002). Thus, a hypothesis is a temporary prediction about the nature of the relationship that exits between two or more variables. The study has developed the following two hypotheses that take both the null and alternative approach. The analysis of two or more variables together makes it important for the researcher to point out the relationship between the two variables involved in the study. Two variables are independent if a change in one does not consequently cause a change in the other. In the case that one of the variables causes a change in the other then the first variables is known as an independent variable and the latter a dependent variable (Sharp, Peters, & Howard, 2002). In the two questions identified above, domestic violence in the first question is the independent variable while psychological consequences are the dependent variable. In the second question, the independent variable is psychological problems while the dependent variable is the normal development. The following definitions will act as operational definitions for the following variables used in the study. These are based on the various understandings by different scholars on the meaning of the terms and how they are used in day to day interactions. Domestic violence will be taken to mean developed pattern of assaultive and coercive behavior which could take the form of physical, psychological, emotional or economic coercion that is seen to occur between a couple (Champion, 2000). This definition will thus focus on the family where children exist and not any other adult relationship. The definition will only consider what the children can see happen in the family and not what they are not able to observe. Psychological problems will be taken to represent patterns of behavior or psychological symptoms that have an effect

Analysis of the film Gattaca in reference to its discussion about Essay

Analysis of the film Gattaca in reference to its discussion about eugenics and getenics engineering - Essay Example However, despite a very firm belief that any attempt at perfecting the human condition through selectively engineering children will have a detrimental effect on the human species, it is undeniable that if allowed, I would go back and have things corrected. It is in this desire to be perfected and saved, balanced against the detriment to society that supports the idea that legislation must prevent this from being a part of reproductive options. The concept of eugenics is defined by Francis Galton, British eugenicist and scientist, as â€Å"science that studies all the influences that may potentially effect reproduction, with the purpose of preventing degeneration and attaining the improvement of the human species† (Lavrin, 1998, p. 161). While the concept of eugenics seems to be defined by a pure intent, the central problem with eugenics is that it weeds out diversities and challenges that inspire human innovation. Morris (2006) states that â€Å"Another fear about this new e ugenics is that we might one day breed a race of clones designed genetically to be placid slaves. In this very frightening scenario, eugenics is envisioned as a tool to suppress people† (p. 70). Gattaca takes this fear one step further as those without genetic enhancement are subjugated to lower level job positions, serving those who are of a genetically superior make-up. Vincent is considered an in-valid, his genetic make-up not fitting into the standard that has been set for the upper class, meanwhile his social class does not allow him the opportunities that he desires. His life expectancy, as determined at the time of his birth, is only 30.2 years and the list of potential problems, none of which is guaranteed, is vast and daunting. There is no doubt that this type of predictability about the future of the potential outcomes would be disheartening and place that child within a social framework that was undesirable. This is what happens to Vincent, but as an adult he determ ines to write his own fate. Through impersonating someone with a better genetic code, he proves that he is valuable enough to achieve his goals. The director of the film, Andrew Niccol, who also wrote the piece, provides his beliefs on genetic engineering a forum through the film. One of the first lines of narration, â€Å"They used to say that a child conceived in love has a greater chance of happiness. They don’t say that anymore† provides the context on how social and cultural class divisions had changed the nature of predicted futures for the people within the universe of the film (Niccol, 1997). In the contrast between Vincent and the wheelchair ridden ’perfected’ human, Jerome, the aspect of chance shows that expected life expectancies and the use of genetic manipulation to ’perfect’ the human species will never account for the challenges that chance will put in the way of ambitions and desires. Vincent narrates that â€Å"He suffered under a different burden: the burden of perfection† (Niccol, 1997). Niccol uses this theme to frame his position on the danger of genetically engineering children. The character of Irene, an almost perfect who is

Critically evaluate budgeting as a tool for planning and control Essay

Critically evaluate budgeting as a tool for planning and control - Essay Example According to them, not only is budgeting a time consuming undertaking, it also is prone to manipulation by the management. Proponents of the budgeting process hold that it is only through budgeting process that firms can achieve proper financial planning. Despite having its advantages, budgeting has its disadvantages too. This paper aims at evaluating the pros and cons of budgeting, with reference to previous research done by different authors. Libby & Lindsay agree that budgeting has its own advantages and disadvantages. According to Libby and Lindsay, most organizations find budgeting as an important key in managing their control systems. Budgeting plays a number of major roles to the management in fulfilling their managerial roles in an organization. Through budgeting, coordination, communication, as well as performance evaluation of an organization is possible. Consistently, and over a long time, external evaluators have used the budget as a measure of organizational performance. The ability of the organization to meet its budgetary commitments determines the organization’s performance. Although in some regions, budgeting has lost meaning, in others, such as North America, it is still a very important element of management control. While many financial experts agree on the need for adopting better budgeting methods, organizations believe that budgeting is an internal process, developed by the individual organization and the management. The fact that budgets are a means of communicating in the organization, and ensuring coordination within the organization makes the budget a very important managerial element. Therefore, organizations cannot do away with them completely. Internal as well as external communication of an organization is an important element of organizational success. Although some managers believe that budgeting is an outdated process, there are organizations that attribute their performance to their budgeting process. Libby & Lindsay (2 007, p. 48) suggests that the efficiency of budgets to an organization in achieving its goals and objectives determines the perception of the budgeting process to an organization. Some believe that budgeting is a normal process, with little or no significance ion the performance of the organization. on the other hand, there are some that believe that without budgeting, achieving organizational goals and performance is unlikely. Therefore, it is the duty of the management to determine the contribution of budgeting to its organization’s goals. Vaznoniene & Stonciuviene (2012, p. 158) argue that budgets play a big role not only in the harmonization of business activities and enhancing cooperation between business units, but also in the delegation of duties and allocation of incurred expenses. According to Vaznoniene & Stonciuviene (2012, p. 160), while some of the organizations believe that budgets only act as a means of evaluating staff performance, they also act in supporting internal control systems of the organization. Jehle does not believe that budgeting as a process has lost its significance altogether. Despite the challenges that it faces, it remains a key factor in the success of the organization. Jehle argues that good managers know the advantages of having a good budget, which is not just consolidating the numbers (1999, p. 56). A good budget according to him is a roadmap, which can guide the company to achieving a competitive advantage. Since

Impact of the Recession on Innovation and Technology Growth

Impact of the Recession on Innovation and Technology Growth 1. Introduction Entrepreneurs cause Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a function of the entrepreneur E + f(e). Entrepreneurship is the interaction of skills related to inner control, planning and goal setting, risk taking,  innovation, reality perception, use of feedback, decision making, human relations and independence. Creating a new enterprise model involves considerable change in virtually everything to do with peoples working  lives starting with the future model of Entrepreneurship. A model for entrepreneurship that explains in industries  employment change by combining technology with innovation demand, it is proposed in this article. This article explores the way economic cycles influence the relationship between innovation and human relationemployment  in manufacturing industries. The article investigates whether the ups and downs of cycles alter the possibility of exploiting innovation,  technological opportunities which can affect patterns of job creation. Human resources the employment dynamics  have always followed cyclical patterns expansions of production; bring new jobs when recessions lead to job losses  (Mastrostefano and Pianta, 2009). A large macroeconomic literature, has investigated employment dynamics in their relationship to the cyclical  patterns of economic growth. Labour economics perspectives; have focused on the role of knowledge wages in  affecting employment and the economical periods of high cyclical unemployment (Pisarides, 2009, Pianta, M.  2005). Distinctions have been made between the determinants of employment in business cycles and in long-term  growth, capital-labour complementarities, and the evolution of labour supply and, more recently, the diversity of  labour skills. ( Lucchese, M and Pianta, M., 2012) . * Corresponding In order to summarize the diversity of industry patterns in innovation and employment over the cycle, it is  necessary to take in consideration the well-known Pavitt taxonomy. It provides a relevant conceptualization of the  differences in the process of technological change by classifying firms and industries on the basis of their dominant  sources of innovation, the forms of appropriation of technology and market structure. In his taxonomy, Pavitt (1984)  identifies four groups that describe the level of technological opportunities of each industry: (a) Science-Based industries include sectors based on advancements in science; (b) Specialized supplier industries create specific products for users-industries, and these typically include  machinery and equipment, with an active role for human capital; (c) Scale intensive industries include sectors characterized by large economies of scale, high capital intensity and  strong relevance of organizational improvements such as motor vehicles; (d) Supplier dominated industries include traditional sectors including food, textiles, clothing. Along the article, the author generally assumed to operate and established the relationship between labour and how  innovation can influence the employment as a final solution for economical development. 2. Methodology The sample was draw for people involved in business activity in Baia Mare city. A total of 250 respondents were  contacted. Respondents were surveyed using a forth part structured questionnaire. Part 1-measured variables using single items such as educational background, type of business activity, type of  organization. Part 2 measured the factors, which were classified into entrepreneurial core, work core, individual and social core  relevant for leadership style of the respondent person. Part 3- measures the profile of leadership, the attitude in different situation of the manager, and identify the type of  leader. Part 4- measure the perception for new development and new orientation into organization, identify some individual  suggestions. The surveyors have been questioned about their business and the opportunity to implemented change management  and introduce innovation in their organization. The internal consistency of the measure and the results indicate that  the items in measuring the organizations activity dimensions are reliable. Also the survey make a radiography upon  the economic activity of the city Baia Mare and give an answer to economical and employment problems. 3. Results Traditional industries such as supplier-dominated sectors are characterized by a long-term decline in employment  associated with the broader patterns of structural change and demand dynamics. The number of individual business  organizations reflects the engine of economy structure especially on small business in a miner region like Baia Mare  city, where ‘’old factories’’ are just a memory for 50’ generation. From the survey dates obtained, I identify that  major activity are non productive sector, as a matter of fact the production it is not developed yet in our region,  organizations are under the discovering faze of the miracle products which can be produce. The diversity of  activities structure is special in the commerce retailer and wholesaler fields and the employers number its low. This paper offers the opportunity to step outside the normal organization day-to-day experiences and mentally  travel a brain road toward people tomorrows—in a world moving toward unimagined futures. Day-to-day experiences tend to trap people in yesterday. I think it is necessary to count also the rapid technological  change, increasing competition because of globalization, and tremendous innovation. At the same time knowledge is  constantly making itself obsolete. Its not possible to invest time in something thats not on your radar. Some kind of  valuable radar enhancement is needed: Results, Approach, Deployment, and Assessment, Review. Unfortunately there are no answers just alternatives and a constantly receding horizon. Entrepreneurs should  establish and maintain an environment within the business to encourage efficiency among employees. Based on thesurvey, I concluded that not in every organization management the manager leader, understand the managerial  competency in the some connotation. Archibugi (2001), Bogliacino and Pianta (2010) identify Pavitt’s groups that describe the level of technological  opportunities in industry and the influence of innovation and new technology for future development and  harmonization with market customers needs. Taking in consideration the survey results a classification can be easy  done, the economical activities can be structure in the category of supplier dominated industries here we include  traditional sectors food, textiles, clothing, hand makes products, training and other activities. Evangelista and Savona (2003) present the same importance of the relation between innovation and skills in  services and the direct relation between the necessity of structural change and economic dynamics. Desire for greater life flexibility, seeking challenges, fulfilling a long-felt desire or escaping from organizational  glass ceiling is also among the motivation factors especially for women to start-up their own business (Figure 1). The diversity in the patterns of employment in the manufacturing sector is documented in this paper also where the  dynamics of employment depends of economic cycle. The ups and downs of aggregate demand have been shown to  affect changes in production and demand for labour. It is not surprising from the survey dates that the number of  women entrepreneur gas increased and growing because of their interests in privatisation, self-employment and  business oriented employment. All this facilitated by the growth in various sectors such as general commerce,  personal and public services, training and consultancy and other reflect the cycle from market in a continuing  fluctuation for an unfavourable miner area. The productive sector doesn’t exist anymore because of technological adaptation and missing innovation, which is  the future provocation for our market. The organization must deal with the practical impact of unpleasant change,  but more importantly, must labour under the weight of employees who have given up, have no faith in the system or  in the ability of leaders to turn the organization around. Leadership before, during and after change implementation is the golden key to getting through the swamp. Out of  250 respondents, majority of them are aged educated that’s the motive of involvement in his own business (26%  baccalaureate and 57% academic studies) as a solution of adaptation on actual market. Management refers to the  ways of the personnel in charge of directing the organization, which in this instance is an entrepreneur. In the  context of demand shortage, an increase of the quality and variety of goods cannot be associated with value added  growth, while productivity growth and a higher competitiveness can be obtained through lower employment. Figure  2 plots the change of the manager mentality groups as the first evidence of the diversity in the relationship between  innovation and employment during the economic cycle and their organization new orientation on market. Blackburn and Pelloni (2004) combines the lessons from the macroeconomic analysis of business cycles with an  attention to the nature of technology and the patterns of structural change in manufacturing industry. A model that explains industries employment change by combining technology and demand is proposed also in this  article. High technology sectors, especially science-based industries, are affected by the ups and downs of the  economy, although they traditionally devote more resources to innovation and new products. As time goes from industrial revolution to the information revolution confirm by Freeman and Louca (2001)  innovation perspectives is the best solution for increasing the employment and reoriented the entire management  economy. The part 4 of survey measures the perception for new development and new orientation into organization and  identifies some individual manager suggestions. The target of survey was to capture the human resources attitude in  front of new orientation for organization perspective. The new generation encourages the implementation of new  trends from the market and push the manager and staff organization to be open for new changes. They suggested some ways to be followed in future: organized training and inform the staff 76%, implement a total  controlling knowledge process to avoid the appearance of different mistakes 45%, a new orientation for  organization, management change and a mentality change in a good direction 41.5%. An open innovation seems to be the best solution for the youngest organizations. Management realizes that the only  education organization aware of the need for change and provide a means by which change and development can be  achieved. This situation show that the enterprise performance depends on the level of personnel incentive and are some  imbalances in the operating activity of the company, because the share of staff costs in value added is higher than it  should be. We can complete the f (e), with the others factors which are variable and dynamic along the economical cycle,  technological and cost competitiveness strategies have a contrasting effect on employment, employment growth  emerges in product innovation oriented sectors, while new processes generally result employment losses. The missing factors present in fact the real situation not only from our region but it is necessary to take in count the  global situation. Boglacino and Pianta (2009) present also this particularly view relevant in the context of the economical crises that  has hit most of organizations in the shadow of the financial crisis of 2008 and of the European debt crisis of 2011. Does innovation stimulate employment? To that question answer Harrison Jaumendreu, Mairesse and Petres  (2008), Greeman and Guellec (2000), that technological innovation and employment reallocation is a solution. Barbuta Misu (2012) reflect about the inverse relation between staff costs rate and probability of bankruptcy, we can  argue that is an unusual situation that the share of staff costs in added value to be high to the enterprises with no risk  of bankruptcy, especially because the high value of personnel expenses diminishing the profit. During industry growth, as well as productivity increases appeared to be supported by both new products and new  processes as both technological and cost competitiveness may lead to output or efficiency improvements. 3. Conclusion This article has shown that recessions disrupt the mechanisms of innovation-based growth and push firms toward a  technological trajectory based on labour-saving new processes that increase efficiency but destroy jobs. Results show that, new products, exports and wage growth affect employment change, while new processes  contribute to restructuring and job losses. Along with jobs, competences, skills and production capacity are lost  during recessions, with the risk of setting the engine of growth on a lower path of development. Employment has  always been affected by business cycles and the economic literature has long explored the macroeconomic and  demand determinants of this relationship. The originality of article perspective is that in investigations by innovation and economical management cycle, the  conclusion shows that employment outcomes are affected by the nature of technological change. Since 48% entrepreneurs are focus on retailer activity and services, and only 24% it is involved in productivity  activity, a new orientation it is necessary to encourage the economical growth of the city. This article investigates whether the ups and downs of cycles alter the possibility of exploiting technological  opportunities and affecting patterns of job creation. Technological competitiveness is expected to have a positive  effect employment but it could play a minor role in a downswing because of the lack of demand. The impact of a  technological innovation will generally depend not only on its inventors, but also on the creativity of the eventual  users of the new technology. A clear difference emerges between new products that support job creation in times of  growth, and new processes that are instrumental in job destruction in times of recession. These differences in the nature of innovation are visible in the diversity of industries, characterized either by a  dominance of product-oriented efforts at technological competitiveness. The article conclusion is to argue and sustain the relationship between specific innovative strategies and their  employment when new products may open up new markets and offer new jobs, when new processes may come to  dominate technological change, leading to restructuring and job losses. The Matrix factors for entrepreneurship leadership profile examines the personal background, stage of career, early  life experiences and growth environment, indirect benefits, opportunities in the carrier prospect and the impact of  market conditions. Specifically, the 4R are: research, relationship, reputation and recognition, each R category is  discussed in light of the contemporary economical situation on Romanian market. The benefits of the 4R are explored and present the real situation on economical and management production like a  problem or a false fake? From research work perspective various attempts were undertaken to identify factors that  support the growth of economy and comprehensive list of factors are identified and put in evidence the object of this  study.

B & Q Marketing Environment

As competition increases in the retail consumer markets, it becomes increasingly necessary for businesses to examine the marketing environment.The following explores B & Q brand, which is a home improvement retailer in the UK. The company functions as a subsidiary of the larger Kingfisher Plc. The report covers the history of B & Q as a company. A macroenvironment analysis and a microenvironment analysis follow this. The analysis models are critiqued based on their application to the market needs, with recommendations for improvement.B & Q CompanyBack in 1960s, home improvement was a pastime for the minority. Professional building supplies were mostly located at builder’s merchants and service provided by large stores was intimidating to the average DIY’er. The first B&Q was opened by Richard Block and David Quayle (whose surname initials later provided the company name) in Portswood Road, Southampton, in Hampshire in 1969. Its mission was to bring value, longer opening hours and a broader product range to everyone (B & Q PLC 2007). By 1979, B&Q had a total of 26 stores (B & Q PLC 2007).Through the early 1980s, B&Q grew rapidly and became part of the Kingfisher Group (B&Q’s parenting company), and by the end of the decade B&Q had expanded to 280 stores and offered customers larger stores and even greater product range (B & Q PLC 2007). In 1995, the first larger format B&Q warehouse store opened and B&Q began opening for business on Sundays (B & Q PLC 2007).The first store outside the UK was opened January 1996, in Taiwan. In 1998, B&Q merged with France’s leading home improvement retailer, Castorama, to become the largest home improvement retailer in Europe (B & Q PLC 2007).B&Q adapted a click-and-mortar approach to stay up to date with technological changes. B&Q’s Web site, www.diy.com, has been transactional since early 2001, providing access 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, offering products, expert advice, inspirational room ideas and ‘how to’ guides, as well as general information on stores (B & Q PLC 2007).The average visiting number on the site has increased tenfold since that date. Their research shows 60,000 to 600,000 visitors a week, 90% of whom visit a store, and 12% of store visitors have already used the site for research prior to their visit (B & Q PLC 2007). This demonstrates a good cross over between the virtual and physical stores (B & Q PLC 2007).B&Q is continuing to evolve its product offer, providing the broader range of products needed to complete home improvement projects and the associated finishing touches, along with existing core DIY products. A wider range of products are available through special order, where goods can be ordered in-store, from a catalogue or online and delivered directly to the consumers home.Macro-Environment (PEST)The marketing macro-environment (Kotler and Keller p 77 2003) is understood as the major forces that exist outside the business domai n. These are the forces that the company must function within, but may have little control over. Kotler and Keller (2003) identify the macro-economic forces as the PEST analysis, which is compromised of political, economical, social and technological forces that place pressure on the business.PoliticalOrganizations today are subject to an increasing number of regulations that entail compliance. Government regulations are sometimes threatening mechanisms for value representation and virtually no support to communication processes that create win/win situations where multiple stakeholder and shareholders can successfully pursue their mutual interests (Deetz, 1995).In addition to various national and international regulations, there are many more rules that stem either from regional or local governments or industry oversight committees. A recent major local political-legal struggle for B & Q is the â€Å"government planning policy that allowed bulky goods retailers to plant themselves in out-of-town parks is being abused by the clothing brands, whose consumers have plenty of space on the high street to swing carrier bags† (Cockram p 58 2003).This resulted in an increase of â€Å"more than  £1m in rent to the cost of a large store† (Cockram p 58 2003). This exemplifies Deetz (1995) contention that government regulations can behave as a threatening mechanism for business.Economical The DIY Industry has maintained high, positive international growth over several decades. In 2006, however, the UK DIY market suffered a profit decline (Horne 2006). This resulted in disappointing financial performance of B&Q and the decline in parent company Kingfisher's profits[1] to  £208 million (Horne p 3 2006).The force of economics has impacted the trends in the do-it-yourself market and increased the cost of building materials industry in the country (Horne 2006). This profit decrease is a direct result of 2005 cost increases, where competition rivalries were co mpeting for a smaller home owners market (Wilkinson p 9 2005). The impact of the housing market is significant because the DIY market caters to homeowners, thus higher cost of living expenses combined with increases in interest rates have a constricting impact on the market, which in turn creates a customer shortage for the UK DIY market (Wilkinson 2005).See Appendices A, B and C for an overview of Housing Market and Kingfisher Stock Value

10 Tips for Choosing a Suitable Graduate Thesis Essay

Some Graduate Students Take over Two Years to Choose Their Thesis Topic Although selecting a topic suitable for your thesis might seem to be simple and easy, the prevailing research on this issue finds that some graduate students take over two years to complete this task — this does not have to be you. Understand that the longer you take to complete this task — the more money the university makes on your continuous registration. Hence, educational institutions are not encouraged to help you figure the thesis process out. Don’t wait until you are finished with your qualifying/comprehensive exams to start thinking about idea for your thesis topic. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay Use your graduate courses to pursue a possible topic. Procrastination in selecting a topic can sometimes cause gridlock in your graduate career. Without a topic, you cannot proceed to writing or defending the proposal phase; and more importantly, you cannot begin researching or writing your thesis. I have provided 10 tips to help you develop thesis ideas and start moving toward your goal of completing your degree: 1. Don’t Panic — Keep Things in Perspective Let’s face it, not too many people will read a masters thesis. A thesis is not the type of document that piques the general public’s interest mainly because of its academic rigor and writing style. The topic is generally of interest only to the student, experts in the field and the student’s advisor and committee members. 2. Be Organized — Maximize Your Research Efforts In order to maximize your research efforts, you must be organized and efficient in your search efforts. The more organized you are in the beginning, the more time you will have to write your thesis. Be diligent about keeping track of your files in the early phases of your research to reduce your stress levels later on when your enthusiasm begins to wane. If you have to back track on your research efforts, being organized from the beginning will help make the process less painful. 3. Choose a Subject Area First — Then a Topic for Your Thesis The more information you consume in your broad subject area, the more patterns will emerge. In your coursework readings, you may notice repeated results and conclusions by more than one  source, or facts that favor one view more than another. Paying attention to these patterns should help you become more conversant with the relevant literature as well as help you to narrow your focus. Narrowing your topic should be done with help from your advisor and committee members. 4. Consider Expanding a Masters Thesis Into a Dissertation If you’re working towards a PhD and you wrote a Masters thesis, consider expanding on that topic for your dissertation. You already are familiar with the topic and much of the research is done. This approach can accelerate your progress towards your goal: Completion! 5. Make Sure Your Thesis Topic Is Interesting It is imperative that both you and your advisor are interested in your thesis topic. Some advisors are reluctant to suggest topics because of the implicit responsibilities associated with guiding a student through the process from start to completion. Your advisor’s enthusiasm for your topic will determine his or her willingness to read, support, fund, and provide timely feedback and direction to your work. 6. Choose a Solvable And Manageable Research Problem It is important to select a problem that is narrow enough that you can address it or solve it in a reasonable period of time. You should select a topic that can be completed within a two-year time frame. A longer time frame could allow many unexpected and competing events to occur. If you find yourself spending an exorbitant amount of time pursuing and identifying a research problem, it is possible that the problem is not solvable. With a longer time frame, you also run the risk of someone else identifying and solving the problem before you do. Hence, the concept of â€Å"original† contribution to the field is lost and you might have to start over. Moreover, you run the risk of your enthusiasm diminishing. 7. The Research Problem Must Be Worthy Of Your Time Choosing a topic that is compelling enough to sustain further research is critical. Employers evaluate potential employees based on the student’s ability to not only finish the thesis but also make future contributions to  the field. 8. Make Your Research Topic Original- Has It Been Done Before? The prerequisite for finding a new research topic is to be informed because most things have been studied before. Staying on top of the current debates in your academic field puts you in a position to identify the gaps in knowledge. After identifying the gaps, all you need to figure out is what kinds of information will fill these gaps. 9. Hone Your Research Skills One way to evaluate your research skills and make sure they are up to par is to pursue a potential topic in your Research Methods or Statistics courses where you can get immediate feedback from an instructor. You can use these courses to work out potential problems in your methodology or your review of the literature; thus allowing you to work out any kinks earlier in your academic career rather than later. 10. As You Read — Ask the Following Questions. What is the Research Question in the Study? Did the Researcher Focus on the Wrong Group/subjects? Did the Research Leave Some Group/Something Out? Is the Methodology Faulty? Were the Findings Faulty? Can I Pursue the Author’s Recommendation for Future Research? What Are the Limitations of the Study?

Free Essays on Olmec

Mexico's ancient cultures helped shape the country as it is today. There was no direct succession from one group to another. Instead, many cultures existed at the same time in various parts of Mexico and Middle America (Mesoamerica), among them, the Olmecs, the Teotihuacans, the Maya, the Mixtecs, the Zapotecs, the Tarascans, the Totonacs and the Aztecs. The Olmecs were one of the earliest recorded civilisations living in the humid lowlands of southern Veracruz and Tabasco along the Gulf of Mexico. The word Olmec means 'the dweller in the land of rubber'. The Olmecs were great sculptors, and are most famous for their carvings of huge human heads made from boulders, some weighing as much as fifty tons.They were an advanced Mayan culture in religion, architecture and mathematical systems. By AD 500, two great cities had emerged, Teotihuacan (with a population of approximately 200,000) and Cholula, a religious centre near Puebla that survived until the Spanish Conquest in 1521. The height of Mayan civilisation was reached between AD 600 - 900. The Toltecs, whose capital was Tula, were the predominant civilisation of this time. Known for their fine architecture, elegant speech and intellectual pursuits, they were the ancestors of the famous Aztecs who were thriving at the time Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492. In 1519, this part of the world was to change forever with the arival of the Spanish under the leadership of Cortà ©s. At this time the Aztec Empire controlled vast territories from the Yucatn peninsula to the Pacific, with over 370 individual nations under their authority. Ruling from their capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs demanded heavy tribute from their subjects, which may have caused some to side with Cortà ©s in his attack on the Aztecs. The other factor on Cortà ©s’ side was the lucky coincidence that 1519 was the exact year when legend had it that the Aztec god, Quetzalcoatl, had promised his follower... Free Essays on Olmec Free Essays on Olmec Mexico's ancient cultures helped shape the country as it is today. There was no direct succession from one group to another. Instead, many cultures existed at the same time in various parts of Mexico and Middle America (Mesoamerica), among them, the Olmecs, the Teotihuacans, the Maya, the Mixtecs, the Zapotecs, the Tarascans, the Totonacs and the Aztecs. The Olmecs were one of the earliest recorded civilisations living in the humid lowlands of southern Veracruz and Tabasco along the Gulf of Mexico. The word Olmec means 'the dweller in the land of rubber'. The Olmecs were great sculptors, and are most famous for their carvings of huge human heads made from boulders, some weighing as much as fifty tons.They were an advanced Mayan culture in religion, architecture and mathematical systems. By AD 500, two great cities had emerged, Teotihuacan (with a population of approximately 200,000) and Cholula, a religious centre near Puebla that survived until the Spanish Conquest in 1521. The height of Mayan civilisation was reached between AD 600 - 900. The Toltecs, whose capital was Tula, were the predominant civilisation of this time. Known for their fine architecture, elegant speech and intellectual pursuits, they were the ancestors of the famous Aztecs who were thriving at the time Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492. In 1519, this part of the world was to change forever with the arival of the Spanish under the leadership of Cortà ©s. At this time the Aztec Empire controlled vast territories from the Yucatn peninsula to the Pacific, with over 370 individual nations under their authority. Ruling from their capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs demanded heavy tribute from their subjects, which may have caused some to side with Cortà ©s in his attack on the Aztecs. The other factor on Cortà ©s’ side was the lucky coincidence that 1519 was the exact year when legend had it that the Aztec god, Quetzalcoatl, had promised his follower...

Free Essays on Sulla And Ceasar

Contrast of Plutarch’s Lives of Sulla and Caesar An interesting, but dramatic understanding of roman history can be reached by analyzing the differences in the Lives of Sulla and Caesar, specifically the effect and uses of money during their rise to power. Plutarch’s writings give insight on not only those great men, but on Plutarch himself. The use of money, either for bribery, compensation of soldiers, or public displays was instrumental in both men’s lives. Sulla’s greediness and love of vulgarity is characterized, as well as Caesar’s generosity towards supporters who were running for office. Sulla rejected his hereditary poverty and flaunted his wealth in lewd ways, while Caesar’s noble beginnings are shown by his more stylish way of handling financial matters. Analysis of any of Plutarch’s works must be qualified by the idea that he is not a historian, but had an in depth knowledge of ancient history that he presupposes his readers to have (Scardigli 67). His accounts have more to do with character and morals than with historical significance. Since he lived and wrote after these events had taken place, he had no particular agenda to fulfill. As said by Plutarch, â€Å"So very difficult a matter it is to trace and find out the truth of anything by history, when, on one hand, those who afterwards write it find long periods of time intercepting their view, and, on the other hand, the contemporary records of any actions and lives, partly through envy and illwill, partly through favour and flattery, pervert and distort the truth.† (Fuller II). This quote generally summarizes his attitude towards actual chronological history. He was more interested in the drama of each individual’s success or failure (Plutarch 8). With regard to this, connections can be found between Sulla’s failures and immorality with his use of his monetary gains. Plutarch illustrates his views on Sulla’s greediness with his immedia... Free Essays on Sulla And Ceasar Free Essays on Sulla And Ceasar Contrast of Plutarch’s Lives of Sulla and Caesar An interesting, but dramatic understanding of roman history can be reached by analyzing the differences in the Lives of Sulla and Caesar, specifically the effect and uses of money during their rise to power. Plutarch’s writings give insight on not only those great men, but on Plutarch himself. The use of money, either for bribery, compensation of soldiers, or public displays was instrumental in both men’s lives. Sulla’s greediness and love of vulgarity is characterized, as well as Caesar’s generosity towards supporters who were running for office. Sulla rejected his hereditary poverty and flaunted his wealth in lewd ways, while Caesar’s noble beginnings are shown by his more stylish way of handling financial matters. Analysis of any of Plutarch’s works must be qualified by the idea that he is not a historian, but had an in depth knowledge of ancient history that he presupposes his readers to have (Scardigli 67). His accounts have more to do with character and morals than with historical significance. Since he lived and wrote after these events had taken place, he had no particular agenda to fulfill. As said by Plutarch, â€Å"So very difficult a matter it is to trace and find out the truth of anything by history, when, on one hand, those who afterwards write it find long periods of time intercepting their view, and, on the other hand, the contemporary records of any actions and lives, partly through envy and illwill, partly through favour and flattery, pervert and distort the truth.† (Fuller II). This quote generally summarizes his attitude towards actual chronological history. He was more interested in the drama of each individual’s success or failure (Plutarch 8). With regard to this, connections can be found between Sulla’s failures and immorality with his use of his monetary gains. Plutarch illustrates his views on Sulla’s greediness with his immedia...

ADVANCED TAX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ADVANCED TAX - Essay Example One of the strategies the couple can use to reduce the tax amount of the capital gain expected is to time carefully the disposal of the shares to fall into diverse tax years and take advantage of annual exemptions in each year (King & Carey, 2014). This strategy has the potential of reducing significantly the amount of tax that the couple will pay for the capital gain accumulated from the sale of the shares. This is because capital gains less than  £10,600 per annum are not taxed on individuals (Mclaughlin, 2013). Thus, the couple can spread the sale of the shares in seven different periods to ensure the capital gains fall in different years. This will ensure the capital gains accumulated are exempted from taxation. The capital gain that will be realized if the disposal is timed in seven different periods will be ( £68,000/ 7 =  £9,714.286). This capital gain is below  £10,600 per annum that will allow the gain to be exempted from taxation completely. Similarly, the shares can held under individual savings account (ISA) that will ensure the CGT liability is exempted from capital gains accumulated after disposal of the shares (King & Carey, 2014). Currently, the maximum value of shares that can be held under the ISA is  £11,520 for tax year 2013/14 (HMRC, 2013). Thus, the couple can hold  £11,520 of the  £12,000 share value to exempt the capital gain from these shares from capital gain tax liability. This implies that only ( £11,520/  £1.50 = 7,680) share of the 8,000 will be held under the ISA. Thus, the capital gain that will be accumulated from the extra shares held outside ISA will be as computed below. Another strategy Bob can use to reduce the tax amount liability from the disposal of the shares is transferring the shares prior to ensuing disposal to his wife Isobel. This is because share transfers between civil partners do not carry gain or loss

Art Gallery- Health and Safety Managment Report Essay

Art Gallery- Health and Safety Managment Report - Essay Example There is indeed enough evidence in this assertion in the number of incidences that have been recorded in terms of health and safety issues within the premises of the company. As much as it is a very bad situation for workers of the company to be involved in various forms of health and safety risks, it is even worse that the problem extends to visitors in some cases. This is because once visitors become involved, the company gets a very poor public reputation and this affects patronage of the museum. There are also the legal aspects of each of these incidences of health and safety risks that the company faces. All of these notwithstanding, there is still hope in the fact that the company can make amends with its health and safety policies to ensure that further harm is not caused. For example the company has at its disposal, various forms of risk management systems and principles that it can adhere to in order to ensure improved health and safety practice. Within the museum industry, there are a number of stakeholders who are at risk to various forms of health and safety challenges. These include visitors, workers, contractors and volunteers. Each of these groups of persons may also be exposed to one form of risk or the other. Though not all the forms of risks may be labeled as having the same height of impact, none of them could also be ignored as far as they concern the health and safety of people (quote). The first form of risk has to do with illness and injury. Stress, overwork, lack of touring assistance and environmental factors could cause illness and injury to visitors, staff, volunteers and contractors. Injuries could result from falls, sitting posture, inhalation of harmful chemicals and cases of fire (quote). The same conditions could also bring about illness. Once these forms of risks happen, efficiency and production are affected because

Biography of Cheikh Anta Diop Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biography of Cheikh Anta Diop - Research Paper Example Diop argues that it was in Africa where humanity developed to the Homo sapiens status. According to him, this great development in human evolution helped shape the civilization of the early Egyptians. Although African civilization stared in other places such as Sudan, Egypt provided the right environment in which the civilization grew. He further noted that since Africa was the original home of humankind, the difference in skin color and other structural differences are self explanatory2. In general, Diop believed that the contribution of Africa towards humanity is enormous and cannot be ignored. Secondly, Diop believed in the anti-colonial policy and was greatly influenced by it. For him, he believed in an independent and economically sound united Africa. For example, in his book titled Black Africa: The Economic and Cultural Basis of a Federal State, Diop mainly focuses on how African countries coupled unite to form one common market3. He also argued that Africa needed to have a continental army capable of defending the content and its inhabitants. He had a vision of an industrialized and united Africa, free from external interference and aid. In this book, he divides Africa into different zones for purposes of industrial development. He believed that there lies a lot of potential in the African continent that when used, could make African countries rich. He had a vision of how fusion could be used to generate enough power for the African countries to help on the process of industrialization. These ideas about industrialization and African independence are born from the fac t that he was a firm believer in creativity. According to him, man needs to create in order to survive4. Therefore for him, the only way Africa could survive was through industrialization.

Sound as Used in Film Essay Example for Free

Sound as Used in Film Essay Individual motion pictures are encompassed in a term called film. By recording actual people and objects, films are produced. Films are created by cultures that reflect these cultures in return. It is considered as an important form of art, a popular entertainment, and an effective means of indoctrinating the people. Individual photographs make up a film. A film may likewise be called as motion picture, movie, or flick. Cameras are used to capture images on rolls of film when recording a motion picture. Sound is a mechanical energy disturbance that is propagated as a longitudinal wave in matter. The sense of hearing help humans perceive sound. Medium is the matter that supports sound. Musical instruments, hearing aids, and broadcasting equipment are some of the equipment for propagating or using sound. Many of this equipment such as microphones and loudspeakers use electro-acoustic transducers. Silence is a total absence of sound. A person’s state of mind is often affected by silence. Most people will find silence uncomfortable. In modern Western society, people will talk even about nonsense things just to avoid moments of silence when meeting and talking with each other. Silence has played key roles in many musical works. Music is a form of artful arrangement of sounds. At times, it may likewise be used for purposes of aesthetics or ceremonies. Music may be enjoyed by people in different ways. Various societies take musical performances differently. The music that is produced by some creators can be heard using several media. Producing a sound for a performance is where some musical styles focus. Others focus on producing a recording which mix sounds together. Sound effects are artificial sounds that are created so that the artistic content of movies is emphasized. The sound effects in a movie are all other sounds that can be heard aside from the music and dialogue. It is referring to different levels of discipline with regards to movies. These disciplines include hard sound effects, background sound effects, foley sound effects, and design sound effects. Hard sound effects which can be exemplified by slamming doors are commonly seen by the audience that appears on screen. Background sound effects do not directly jive with the scenes on the screen but they provide the environment for the particular scene. Sounds that synchronize on screen like footsteps and movement of hand props are called foley sound effects. Last one is the design sound effects that are created from the creator’s imagination as it cannot be commonly heard in the environment. One of the essential elements of a film is music. It is not complete if there is no music (Coppola). A film is best enhanced by music when a specific emotional response is evoked in the audience to the story without the audience being aware of it (Corman). Film music is another weapon of the director. The mood of the theme is reflected by a score with a strong theme, thus any form of music may be used (Gilbert). In film making, music is a powerful tool. It can add emotion or even entirely change the impact of a sequence (Harding). Music either directs the audience’s attention or it subtly eludes a larger meaning of interpretation (Julien). The feeling that would not be present in the scene is created using music. By having music in a film, certain scenes can be expressed like tension and a feeling of suspense. It may likewise be used to procure or intensify the speed of certain scenes. Romance can be enhanced by a beautiful melody and bad music can enhance the opposite (Lynn). Without music, a movie is lifeless. Sound and silence is mixed together so as to arrive to a scene that the director of a film wants to portray. Likewise, a film can be better understood and enjoyed through the sounds that can be heard by the audience. A film that has no sound can be boring and may not sometimes be understandable. It is easier to enjoy a film where one can hear various sounds that may enhance his/her viewing enjoyment. Works Cited Sight and Sound. September 5, 2006. Because Films Inspire. April 24, 2007. http://www. bfi. org. uk/sightandsound/filmmusic/scoring. php

Joe Conrad :: essays research papers fc

Joseph Conrad was a very talented author. He started writing at the age of thirty-two, and began telling many tales of his life on the sea. In his youth he was a sailor and traveled to many places such as the Orient, and the Congo. It are his experiences on the Congo that serves as his primary source for his story The Heart of Darkness. This book was actually a story of a man, Charles Marlow, telling the story of his experience in Africa. While in Africa, Marlow's attitude towards life changes as can be seen in the following excerpts from the book. "We live in the flicker-may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!" (68). When Marlow gives that quote, he has not yet started his story. He is on a ship after a bad storm, and is about to begin. This particular quote has a zest to it. It tells one to live every moment to the fullest because life is but a flicker. This quote also tells the reader that Marlow wants to live a long life. After finishing the book, his statement seemed a bit strange because Marlow's tone became less enthusiastic at the end. However, Marlow survived through the experiences he told in his story. If he is still able to look back at his life and say, "may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!," then he must make the most out of it, and not let a few bad experiences change his attitude towards it. I couldn't help asking him once what he meant by coming there at all. 'To make money of course. what do you think?' he said, scornfully. Then he got fever, and had to be carried in a hammock slung under a pole...(86) This quote tells the reader much about the type of men that went to Africa. Most went only for the money-not giving a second thought to their health and safety. This particular man got deathly ill, and still was concerned only for money. Conrad was making a statement in this quote that too many people today do things only for money. Nobody works because they have a passion for what they do. People are too willing to put their lives on the line just to make a little money. Marlow was disgusted when the man snapped at him. Marlow he went to Africa because he had desired to do so since he was a little boy. He was an explorer at heart, and did not risk his

Analyse on “Broken boat” by John Galsworthy

Good time management is essential for coping with the pressures of modern life without experiencing too much stress.If you never have enough time to finish your tasks, better time management will help you regain control of your day.Good time management doesn't mean you do more work. It means you focus on the tasks that matter and will make a difference. Whether it’s in your job or your lifestyle as a whole, learning how to manage your time effectively will help you feel more relaxed, focused and in control.â€Å"The aim of good time management is to achieve the lifestyle balance you want,† says Emma Donaldson-Feilder, a chartered occupational psychologist.Here are her top tips for better time management: Work out your goalsThis first step towards improving your time management is to ask yourself some questions. â€Å"Work out who you want to be, your priorities in life, and what you want to achieve in your career or personal life,† says Donaldson-Feilder. â€Å" That is then the guiding principle for how you spend your time and how you manage it.†Once you have worked out the big picture, even if it's quite general, you can then work out some short-term and medium-term goals. â€Å"Knowing your goals will help you plan better and focus on the things that will help you achieve those goals,† says Donaldson-Feilder.Make a listA common time-management mistake is trying to remember too many details, leading to information overload. A better way to stay organised and take control of your projects and tasks is to use a to-do list to write things down.â€Å"Try it and see what works best for you,† says Donaldson-Feilder. She prefers to keep a single to-do list, to avoid losing track of multiple lists. â€Å"Keeping a list will help you work out your priorities and timings, so it can help you put off the non-urgent tasks.† Work smarter, not harderGood time management at work means doing high-quality work, not high quantity. Donaldson-Feilder advises concentrating not on how busy you are but on results. â€Å"Spending more time on something doesn’t necessarily achieve more,† she says. â€Å"Staying an extra hour at work at the end of the day may not be the most effective way to manage your time.†You may feel resentful about being in the office after hours. You’re also likely to be less productive and frustrated about how little you’re achieving, which will compound your stress. Have a lunch breakMany people work through their lunch break to gain an extra hour at work, but Donaldson-Feilder says that can be counter-productive. â€Å"As a general rule, taking at least 30 minutes away from your desk will help you to be more effective in the afternoon,† she says.A break is an opportunity to relax and think of something other than work. â€Å"Go for a walk outdoors or, better still, do some exercise,† says Donaldson-Feilder. â€Å"You’ll come back to your desk re-energised, with a new set of eyes and renewed focus.†Planning your day with a midday break will also help you to break up your work into more manageable chunks. Prioritise important tasksTasks can be grouped in four categories:urgent and important not urgent but important urgent but not important neither urgent nor importantâ€Å"When the phone rings, it seems urgent to pick it up but it’s not necessarily  important,† says Donaldson-Feilder. â€Å"It may be more important to continue with what you were doing rather than be distracted by a phone call. When it is appropriate, it may be more effective to let your voicemail pick up the message.†Donaldson-Feilder says people with good time management create time to concentrate on non-urgent, important activities. By so doing, they minimise the chances of activities ever becoming urgent and important.â€Å"The aim is to learn how to become better at reducing the number of urgent and important tas ks. Having to deal with too many urgent tasks can be stressful,† says Donaldson-Feilder. Practise the 4 DsWe can spend up to half our working day going through our email inbox, making us tired, frustrated and unproductive. A study has found that one-in-three office workers suffers from email stress.Making a decision the first time you open an email is crucial for effective time management. To manage this burden effectively, Donaldson-Feilder advises practising the 4 Ds of decision-making: Delete: half of the emails you get can probably be deleted immediately. Do: if the email is urgent or can be completed quickly.Delegate: if the email can be better dealt with by someone else. Defer: set aside time at a later date to spend on emails that require longer action.