Housing Problem :: essays research papers

Many economists argue that market solutions are more economic than presidency agencies in providing services even when it comes to merit goods. In the discussion of housing problem, I would disagree with the economists view. living accommodations is a real complicate issue that I believe it will work the best by the cooperation of market and government agencies. The Canadian government has worked for galore(postnominal) years on the housing issue, but does not seem to have any adequate solutions to solve the problem. The housing market, unlike separate industry, has a dominant feature of dead short-run supply. This characteristic of the housing market has made a great obstacle in coping with the problem. In fact, we may look at other countries experiences and learn how to deal with the problem effectively. Canadian governments housing policy is based on the idea that everyone is entitled to decent and affordable housing. Housing is a necessity and everyone needs a place to li ve. It is for this reason that government set its goal to ensure everyone is living in housing of adequate type at a price they can afford. However, the government has turned into wrong definition of decency and affordability. Firstly, decency is subjective according to different cultures. I think that the Canadian government is setting a very high value on living environment, and such a high standard may cause more difficulties in solving the problem. Secondly, Canadian government has continuously reduced its standard in defining affordability. It was consider affordable if housing cost no more than 20% of your income. Nevertheless, the standard has been reduced to no more than 40% until recently. Such dramatic change of the figure has made the goal become ambiguous. Practically, the government has tried many methods in dealing with the housing problem. Housing code enforcement is a method that tries to regulate minimal conditions for rental housing. However, this method does not seem to work because it brings supererogatory costs to the tenant. On the other hand, the government tries to help people become homeowner by benefits in kind, such as imposing tax immunity on first home down payment and low interest rate on mortgages. However, the method does not really aim at help the poor. Moreover, the government tries to increase the supply of housing by building new shelters and buying existing apartments. Yet, none of these work efficiently. The reason that building new shelters does not work is because most of these new housing projects are expensive and time consuming.

Decline of Amphibians Essay -- Animal Research

IntroductionWhen researching the population decline of amphibians as a global issue, it is evident that there have been drastic changes in the past 30 years. Mike Lannoo from the U.S. Declining Amphibian Task Force says that there have been significant losses in amphibian populations for an extensive period of time (No Single Reason, 1999). Stuart et al. (2004) verbalize that according to scientists at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), at least 427 species, roughly 7.4%, are at a dangerously high gamble of extinction (Kaylor, 2006). The problem of amphibian decline cannot be linked directly to one single cause (No Single Reason, 1999). Instead, scientists have related the decline to disease, habitat loss, changes in climate, and pollution (Hayes, Falso, Gallipeau, Stice, 2010 Brooks et al., 2002 Dunson et al., 1992). It is concluded that many of these factors are related to and possibly caused by human interaction (McCallum, 2007). The declines could be ca used by pathogens, climate change, or wildlife toxicology, says Dr. Ashley Mattoon from the Worldwatch Institute (Kirby, 2000).Amphibian decline is a serious global topic and is especially harmful in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Specifically, there are many causes of amphibian decline in Virginia. The Weldon Cooper Center at the University of Virginia ranks Virginia 12th in population at an annual growth rate of 7% (Kelhart, 2006). Of Virginias 79 species of amphibians, four species are classified as near threatened, three species are classified as vulnerable, and one species is classified as imperil (Amphibians in VA, n.d.).The problem of amphibian decline can be traced back to many sources, which can either be classified as n... ...ander (Desmognathus fuscus) of southern Appalachia. Retrieved from ScienceDirect website http//www. scholarshipdirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456500000528No Single Reason for Amphibian Decline. (1999, November 19). ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/11/991119075426.htmSexton, O. J., Phillips, C., & Bramble, J. E. (1990, September 19). The Effects of Temperature and Precipitation on the Breeding Migration of the Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Press . Retrieved February 14, 2012, from http//www.jstor.org/stable/ entropy/1446443ufoStuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischman, D. L., & Waller, R. W. (2004, October 14). Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide. Abstract retrieved from Science Mag website http//www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783

hazards of volcanos :: essays research papers

VolcanoesPartsSillFlankSummitDikeConduitResevoirVentThroatCraterBaseLavaHazardsGas- Sulfur Dioxide gas creates air contaminant that irritates skin, nose, throat, and eyes- carbon copy Dioxide is so concentrated that it kills animals and humans- Acid rain that some times takes the form of Hydrochloric acidLahars- hot or cold potpourri of water and shudder fragments, often resembles a flow of concrete- hundreds of meters wide, tens of meters deep- flows at several tens of meters a second (too fast to outrun)Landslides- large rocks or detritus falling apace downhill- if the landslide contains enough water it will transform into a LaharLava flows- lava thats errupted during non detonative periods- can travel up to 10 km / hour- can result in laharsPyroclastic Flows- high density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move at high speeds- can result from non explosive or explosive periods of the volcanos history- can result in laharsTephra- gas clouds that are carri ed several hundreds of kilometers from the vent- can disrupt machinery and lives very far forth from the volcanoePartsSillFlankSummitDikeConduitResevoirVentThroatCraterBaseLavaHazardsGas- Sulfur Dioxide gas creates air pollution that irritates skin, nose, throat, and eyes- Carbon Dioxide is so concentrated that it kills animals and humans- Acid rain that some times takes the form of Hydrochloric acidLahars- hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments, often resembles a flow of concrete- hundreds of meters wide, tens of meters deep- flows at several tens of meters a second (too fast to outrun)Landslides- large rocks or debris falling rapidly downhill- if the landslide contains enough water it will transform into a LaharLava flows- lava thats errupted during non explosive periods- can travel up to 10 km / hour

Quest for Identity in Maxine Hong Kingstons Autobiography, The Woman W

Quest for Identity in Maxine Hong capital of Jamaicas Autobiography, The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingstons autobiography, The Woman Warrior, features a young Chinese-American constantly searching for an unusual bird that would fare as her impeccable guide on her quest for individuality (49). Instead of the flawless guide she seeks, Kingston develops under the influence of other teachers who either expect more fallible or less realistic. Dependent upon their guidance, she grows under the influence of American and Chinese schools and the role models of Brave Orchid, Fa Mu Lan, and Moon Orchid. Her education by these counselors because causes her to abandon her search for an escort, the bird to be found somewhere in the measureless sky, and she begins to look inside herself for the ideograph to fly (Kingston 35). The new song Kingston in the long run creates with her talk story of Tsai Yen, verifies her optimistic distinction from her educators, cultural norms, which have indoctri nated and restricted her childhood.During much of her childhood, Kingston goes to the American School during the day and the Chinese School in the evening as she filters the conflicting material given in each of these environments to determine what works in her Chinese-American life. In attending the American school, Kingston discovers American ideologies of loquaciousness and arrogance. From the influence of their American schoolmates Kingston and her siblings never said, Oh, no, youre too kind. . . . Im stupid. Im ugly. They were capable children. . . . But they were not modest (Kingston 134). The children expected their Chinese parents to join in their arrogance, and Kingston proudly tells her mother, I got straight As, Mama (45). H... ...d not the measureless sky, her voice begins to sing a distinctly Chinese-American song. Kingston sings just as Tsai Yen sang about China and her family . . . from savage lands, and speaking of her newly found identity, established in America bu t conceived in China, Kingston decides, It translated well (Kingston 209).Works CitedHunt, Linda. I Could non Figure Out What Was My Village Gender Vs. Ethnicity in Maxine Hong Kingstons The Woman Warrior. Melus 12.3 (1985) 5-12.Kingston, Maxine. The Woman Warrior. New York Vintage Books,1989.Ling, Amy. Maxine Hong Kingston and the Dialogic Dilemma of Asian American Writers. Ideas of Home Literature of Asian Migration. Ed. Geoffrey Kain. East Lansing Michigan SUP, 1997. 141-56.Wang, Veronica. Reality and Fantasy The Chinese-American Womans Quest for Identity. Melus 12.3 (1985) 23-31.

The Persons Responsible for Health and Safety in the Workplace Essay

The Persons Responsible for Health and Safety in the WorkplaceIdentify the persons responsible for health and safety in theworkplace.Roles are Responsibilities of Employers. each employer should en positive(predicate), the health, safety and welfare at workof all their employees.Bellow are the areas the employer should protect the employees from,without prejudice* To provide and maintain areas of work that are, safe and without risks to health* To ensure, borderline risk when, handling and transporting objects* To provide the necessary information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure, the health and safety of their employees at work* And to insure the place of work is maintained in a condition that is safe.Every employer needs to prepare and keep an up-to-date writtenstatement of health and safety at work. They should also make sure allemployees note the statement and, any revision of it.Roles are Responsibilities of Employees.Every employee while at work shall* Take care for the health and safety of them ego and of other persons who may be affected by their acts or actions at work and* Co-operate with their employer or any other person in charge, to see that the requisite to be performed are meet with.Roles and Responsibilities of Management.The managements main responsibility is to ensure the health andsafety of workers and to reduce risks caused by work activities, toemployees ...

The Persons Responsible for Health and Safety in the Workplace Essay

The Persons Responsible for Health and Safety in the WorkplaceIdentify the persons responsible for health and safety in theworkplace.Roles are Responsibilities of Employers. every(prenominal) employer should en genuine, the health, safety and welfare at workof all their employees.Bellow are the areas the employer should protect the employees from,without prejudice* To provide and maintain areas of work that are, safe and without risks to health* To ensure, marginal risk when, handling and transporting objects* To provide the necessary information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure, the health and safety of their employees at work* And to insure the place of work is maintained in a condition that is safe.Every employer needs to prepare and keep an up-to-date writtenstatement of health and safety at work. They should also make sure allemployees note the statement and, any revision of it.Roles are Responsibilities of Employees.Every employee while at work shall* Take care for the health and safety of them ego and of other persons who may be affected by their acts or actions at work and* Co-operate with their employer or any other person in charge, to see that the compulsion to be performed are meet with.Roles and Responsibilities of Management.The managements main responsibility is to ensure the health andsafety of workers and to reduce risks caused by work activities, toemployees ...

STD booklet

Which of the undermentioned is NOT true of the success of interest groups? A. The more intense a group, the more successful it tends to be b. The more financial resources a group has, the more successful it tends to be c. The more potential members a group has, the more successful it tends to be d. The smaller a group is, the more successful it tends to be e. The larger a group is, the more successful it tends to be 4. Which of the future(a) is an example off single Issue Interest group? A. NEAR b. NAACP c. FALL-CIO d. UCLA e. National Wildlife Federation 5. An interest group is most likely to absorb charm in Congress when the issue at take a. S narrow in scope and low in public visibility b. C. D. E. 6. Is part of the presidents legislative package has been traumatized by the media engages legislators deeply held convictions divides legislators along party lines Which of the following Is not a tactic that Interests groups use? A. Lobbying to Influence policy b. Forming Pace to ferment elections 7. A. Litigating to specify policy through the courts appealing to the public to nurture a positive group image Which of the following is true of mimics curiae briefs? They are used by interest groups to lobby courtsThey are used exclusively by liberal interest groups They are used exclusively by conservative interest groups d. They are now unconstitutional e. They are the means by which a litigant seeks Supreme Court review off lower court decision 8. Which of the following factors best accounts for the rise of interest groups and the decline of policy-making parties in recent years? A. National parties have become too closely identified with moot issues. B. Court decisions have restricted the political parties abilities to recruit new members. C. It is less expensive to Join an interest group than to Join a political party. D.Interest groups have been more successful in avoiding negative press coverage than have political parties. E. Interest groups are be tter able to articulate specific policy positions than are political parties. 9. . Which type of interest group would the NAACP be? Economic civil rights . Single-issue governmental environmental 10. An interest group would likely have the superior influence on policy matters involving a. Narrow issues, only a few interest groups, and technical information b. Broad, highly visible national issues c. Broad hostile policy issues d. Major constitutional questions about civil rights and liberties . Areas in which members of Congress have considerable expertise and commitment 1. Interest groups seek to influence political processes in ways that benefit their members. In doing so, however, they may not act in the overall public interest. (a) Describe two techniques interest groups use to influence elections. (b) Explain how interest groups use severally of the following to influence government decision making. Mimics curiae briefs Issue networks (also known as iron triangles) (c) Expla in how each of the following serves to limit interest group influence. The media Pluralism 2.Individuals often form groups in order to promote their interests. The Constitution contains several provisions that protect the rights of individuals who try to promote their interests in a representative democracy. (a) Explain two provisions in the Bill of Rights that protect individuals who try to influence politics. Interest groups engage in a variety of activities to affect public policy. Explain how each of the following is policy. Government institutions used by interest groups to exert influence over Grassroots use of goods and services Litigation Lobbying of (c) Describe one specific federal governmental regulation of interest groups.

Airline Industry Essay

Many people assume flying is a f sortly new endeavor. However, although the first few years of the twentieth century were a risky time for flying, it did exist. It wasnt until 1925 that flying became more common. This began when the Air Mail Act took place, which enabled the post master to contract with private airliners to verbalize mail, developing the airline intentness. Shortly after, the Air Commerce Act gave the Secretary of Commerce power to establish airways, certify aircraft, license pi herds, and issue and enforce air traffic regulations (Harris, nd).Within ten years many modern day airliners such as coupled and American had emerged as great players in this up and coming industry. In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act was established creating the Civil Aeronautics Board. This boards two most significant functions were determining airlines routes of hold up and regulating prices for passenger fargons (Harris, nd). The Federal Aviation Administration was created in 1958 to m anager and regulates safety operations and in 1978 the era of unencumbered free market emulation would finally take place due to the Airline Deregulation Act.Airliners have come a long way. With special accommodations such as first class, viands and beverage available, and often times even radio or television. Often times, it is easy to find a deal for tickets such as packages. Some examples would be round a bout trips, or package deals on hotel rooms, inclusive food, and the trip back home.The Airline Industry Business model can be easily broken down into five models. First, the buyer and second is supplier power in the industry. Airbus and Boeing dominate the jetliner market, so it makes it hard for other suppliers to have a component stop of power in the industry, (Airline Economics, p.14, 2010). Different types of Carriers are demanded in the industry, depending on what it is used for. So, a lot of suppliers find it easy to get into the industry thanks to the buyers. Competi tion from low- cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines tends to strengthen buyer power in the airlines market, where United Airlines, for example, has a Mileage Plus dodging (Airlines economics, p.14, 2010). A new entrant is something very hard to accomplish within the airline industry.New entrants can make it hard because, generally, a lot of established airlines hold a monopoly over slots at most airports (Airline Economics, p.14, 2010). Fourth, a good example of the Availability of Substitutes can be say to be boats, trains, or busses. However, in todays economy with the oil prices sometimes flying wickedly high, it is the best way to travel, and its a lot more time saving. The final force is Competitive Rivalry. Highly competitive industries generally earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. With a lot of expenses creation high today, different companies need to advertise so theyre not wasting seats.It is important to remember that fundamentally airlines ar e a service industry. Airlines fulfil a service for their customers transporting them and their belongings (or their products, in the case of cargo customers) from one point to another for an agreed price (Airlines Economics, 2012). Airlines vary greatly. From a champion aircraft carrying mail or cargo, to a full-service international airline many people depend on airline services. However, it seems that it is the Low Cost Carriers which continue to grow and find in the crowds. Most of the passenger revenue (nearly 80 percent) comes from domestic travel, while 20 percent comes from travel to and from destinations in other countries (Airlines Economics, 2012). However, it is the frequent flyers, or the people who take more the 10 trips a year, who take up a significant portion of air travel. While they only account for 8% out of the total number of passengers in a given year, they make up 40% of the trips.Rivalry in the airlines industry is strong, due in part to the sheer size o f competitors and the difficulties in exiting the industry (Datamonitor, p. 14, 2011). Because the industry product is so minimal, high sensitivity is essential when considering pricing. Therefore, rivalry increases the more low cost carriers are in the market these companies are capable of competing more intensely.Rivalry is also intensified where storage costs are high. Storage cost in this industry is equivalent to unsold seats on a flight, similar to unsold inventory in a manufacturing industry (Datamonitor, p. 22, 2011). A lack of diversity in the passengers increases the need for players to use their single core business to compete with. Rivalry in the U.S. airline industry is assessed strong (Datamonitor, p. 23, 2011). Some of the major rivalry in this particular industry would include AMR corporation, Southwest airlines, and United Continental Holdings.Since 1978, the airline industry has seen more than 180 bankruptcies (Alukos, p. 1, 2012). Currently, US Airways Group Inc. has decided to partner with AMR in the midst of their bankruptcies. In doing this, their hope is to minimize the amount of employees being laid off and put more money into creditors pockets. American Airlines has been at a competitive disadvantage for many years (Corridore, p. 2, 2012). In the last couple of months pilots retiring have taken its toll, with 240 in September and October 2011. The companies cash balances quickly dead(a) out due to many lump-sum payouts. Oil prices have also taken its toll on airlines, peaking at its all-time high at $147.27 a barrel. Since then, the cost per barrel has receded going down 58% from the record high. However, it is thought to be possible for oil prices to climb, once again, over $100 a barrel over the next year, reflecting the view of Corridore that the oild market has again become more volatile (Corridore, p. 3, 2012).ReferencesAirline economics. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.avjobs.com/history/airline-economics.asp (Airline economics , 2012)Harris, A. (n.d.). The history of airline industry. Retrieved from http//traveltips.usatoday.com/history-airline-industry-100074.htmlAirlines Industry Profile the United States. (2011). Airlines Industry Profile United States, 1-42.Corridore, J. (2012, June 28). Standard & poors airlines. Retrieved from http//www.netadvantage.standardandpoors.com.ezproxy.ohiodominican.edu/NASApp/NetAdvantage/showIndustrySurvey.do?loadIndSurFromMenu=htmlAlukos, B. (2012, August 22). We believe southwest is making the right decision by repurchasing its own equity.. Retrieved from http//library.morningstar.com.ezproxy.ohiodominican.edu/stock/stock-analyst-report?t=LUVion=USA&culture=en-US

Disolving stress living The Present

emphasis is the emotional, mental and physical response to the ever changing environment in an attempt to adapt to the new outer circumstances, the mortal relieve oneselfs stress. assay itself is not good neither bad, since our bodies are designed to produce stress. I keep us alert and active. The problem starts when we cross the limit of disturbance and perk up it chronic this is when we feel stress roughly facts that dont require such an alterative state of mind.Stress is present in our society, especially in the prominent cities and capitals where is aggravated by the noise, traffic and long distances. Stress can be cause by anything that requires a person to adjust to a new situation and this depend on how every person takes an event, since every human being is unique, there are so many ways of experiencing stress and the causes that can produce it. In a certain way, stress is necessary to live, solely if not controlled it can disturb seriously the person who suffers it.Y oung women face higher risks of stress, especially the running(a) ones but it seems the damaging effects of stress on them is minimised by the fact that they speak out about it on the contrary, men seem to keep it for themselves. late it seems stress is starting to affect even children and teenagers some suggest they may be learning it from their parents. Also, White race seems more sensitive to stress than erosive and Asian race and the more educated is a person, the more stress can experience. For stress management has nothing to do with intellectual learning but experimental, is an attitude towards life.Maybe the reason is that the most educated have a very high sense of must, while the non- educated is not aware of the opportunities that is missing (not touch in the rat race). Personally, what I learnt about stress is that is almost impossible to get rid of it by itself, is necessary to apply consciousness in value to become calmer, quieter, try to live the moment and not l ive in the future nor in the past but let life just to stretch forth itself, day by day, and solve the issues that the moment brings, when they come to light (not try to solve them in mind before they happen).In order to review the literature on stress and describe both the processes and sources of stress, as well as methods for coping, a literature search was conducted which identified 3 studies that were relevant to the questions in this paper, one of them about the work related stress, another on relation between mindfulness and stress and another on relation between breast cancer and stress. RESULTS Stress could be then thought of as an exaggerated reaction of the body that acts upon an external circumstance on a non proportional way.It causes emotional suffering to the person who carries it and it can even develop in depression. The physiological reactions are nervousness physical upsetting, tiredness, etc.. Therefore, meditation proves very successful in the treatment of stre ss. Also, a veridical view of life can help, avoiding living on desires or sheer of imagination. Also Bach flowers may help without having to suffer any side effects.

Iliad and Achilles Actions Essay

Central to David Maloufs Ransom, is the notion of passing, to deeply depict the fastidiousness and fragility of life. Achilles, in his quest to seek vengeance for the death of his be-loved friend, Patroclus, becomes distant as he struggles to remain emotionally intact, macrocosm unable to grasp onto the warrior and the leader he once was. Similarly, Priams better judgement and purpose as the King of troy weight are clouded by the slaying of his son, Hector, acting irrationally, by conjuring up a precarious journey virtuously from a vision as a result of the trauma he has experienced from witnessing Achilles actions on his son.Consequently it takes the proceedings of Priam ransoming his sons body to bring re recented empathy to both men. Achilles being born from both elements of earth and water is hindered to entirely comprehend who he really is. His Dad, Peleus being a great warrior and his mother, Thetis, originating from the element of water, in all its umpteen forms. He inheri ts abilities from his mother, emulating an eel like, fluid weightless sensation within himself, aiding his swift, rapid movements in battle.Yet Achilles is bought up by his father, where he had entered the rough world of men, and then not being exposed to the tender virtues of women, such as compassion, empathy and kind-heartedness, rather from of a young age is subjected to a world of pain, freeing, dependency, bursts of violence and elation. As a result Achilles is moulded by Peleus into the man he wishes him to be, while Achilles aspires to impress Peleus to rifle for his loving approval, which is unfulfilled due to the absence of a feminine role model.Ultimately Achilles is deprived of his childhood he is submerged into a world of violence and killing, where he becomes numb to the notion of death. Subsequently from the loss of his childhood, as strong as being immersed in the culture of battle, Achilles is unable to find direction about who he truly is and successively he is unable to appropriately fight the loss of his dear friend Patroclus, envisioning himself as a protector to Patroclus. It is amidst Achilles emotional pain and gradual deterioration of Patroclus murder by which Malouf truly captures the opinion of loss.Achilles visioning himself as a protector to Patroclus befalls emotionally disturbed like a man obeying the needs of some other, darker agency. From his childhood, Peleus taught Achilles to suppress his feelings, to not to expose to others how he felt, this strength remained mentally where he never learnt to deal with anguish and misery of his loved ones, especially Patroclus. As a result he becomes damaged and a blurred personality of what he once was that Malouf uses to show the consequences of emotional pain, to elude a resilient, strong minded leader in Achilles.Consequently Achilles becomes psychologically disconnect from reality, in a struggle to find solace for Patroclus death, reverting to massacring Hectors body repeatedl y as the self-consuming rage that drives him and wastes his spirit in despair, is the beginning of the loss of his true self as a leader and a gladiator, which is stemmed from his inward rage, for his self-blame of Patroclus death, further obscuring his leadership and judgement to disrespect the body of Hector, to outwardly direct his anger at Hectors body as a scapegoat for his true agony, at the loss of his adopted brother and the loss of his humane side, which Patroclus he him to draw away from a world of bloodshed and combat.Centralised to Maloufs conceptual theme of loss, is the perception of loss facing Priam, through with(predicate) the murder and slaughter of his son, and the loss of his own perceived insignificance, as he journeys to Ransom the body of Hector. Priams most immediate and significant pain is climaxed, as he endures the murder of Hector, although Achilles actions ultimately prove the harshest ordeal to Priam, watching Achilles, dragged the corpse to his car, secure it, knot after knot to the axle-tree, and hauled it off through the tumbling scatter.As Achilles for eleven continuous days drags him up and down before the Greek Ships, serving as a reminder to Priam for eleven days in a row, the loss and death of his sons presence, evoking Priam to act out of instinct, journeying to re-obtain Hectors body. As a result Priam, viewing himself as an ancient shuttle, feels the desire and motivation due to Achilles actions, to conjure a treacherous journey, stripping himself of all royal insignia and developing the courage to travel to the Greek camp undetected, without soldiers, just with the purity of his true self, dressed in a plain white robe. It is here that Priams desperation and misery are highlighted Malouf, to demonstrate the sight of the situation, in which the way loss can diversely affect an individual, forcing them to go to great lengths to do what is perceived to them to be necessary.Ultimately, David Maloufs concept of loss i s explored through the main characters of Priam and Achilles. Both physically having the grieve for the loss of loved ones, Malouf explores this theme by depicting the dissimilar personalities of each character, and how each character adapts, copes and develops into a new leader after the ordeal of losing Patroclus and Hector. For Achilles he emerges a wrathful leader of his Myrmidons, being unable to have fully captured his emotions, as Patroclus was his escape from war. Conversely, Priam emerges as a wise man, viewing his own action as necessary, and rather than being systematic, spontaneously from a vision, journeys to ransom the body of Hector.

Leadership †Chrysalids Essay

A leader is someone who guides, helps, or directs others. In the novel The Chrysalids by John Wyndhyam, leadership is what helps the telepathic convocation melt down successfully and survive outside the community of Waknuk. David, Gordon and Michaels leadership skills help all of the sort out members in various ways. These three characters ar corking leaders because they guide and direct their group to reach their goals. Firstly, when David takes on the role of being a leader, he gives precise orders, which helps their plan be successful.For example, when Michael informs David that they quest to escape out of Waknuk at that very mo handst, David tells Petra, Get dressed as fast as you can. Overalls. And be very quiet (123). David is making sure Petra knows exactly what take to be done in order for them to get out of Waknuk safely and quickly. Another example is when Michael tells David what to tell the Norms in case of an examination. David passes on the information to Petra b y saying, Do you understand that Petra? You tell them you can just make think-pictures to Rosalind and me. Nothing about Michael, or Sealand people (155).David is reassuring that Petra understands what to say and what not to tell them because if she tells them something shes not supposed to, their plan will be unsuccessful. Finally, when David is teaching Petra about thought shapes, he tells her, Do it slowly and gently, as if you were making it out of cobwebs (113). As David educates Petra, he specifically tells her how and what the thought shapes should be like, which helps Petra learn everything faster. David always has an objective in mind and its always reached when he tries his lift out to guide others.Secondly, Gordon leads his group by making sure his manpower are strong enough to know that they need to go to any extent until their purpose is complete. For example, when Gordon is telling his workforce what to do with David, he says, Chuck him out. And if he doesnt seem to understand that that means stay out, shoot him (164). Gordons men know that they will need to go to any extent like killing David if any problems arise. Also, when all the Fringes people are getting ready to ambush the Norms, David thinks to himself, He seemed seems to be dividing his men up into parties and instructing them by drawing diagrams in the unornamented earth (184).Gordon tries to explain to his men carefully and completely what unavoidably to happen, by drawing the diagrams in the bare earth. That helps them give a visual view. In addition, when everyone is getting ready to attack, David thinks, For one thing there were standing orders from the spider-man to shoot me (185). He knows that if he does anything foolish, Gordons men wont think twice before shooting David. This shows that Gordon is a strong leader because all his men will not dare to go against his word and will make sure they go to any limit to fulfill orders given.Gordon conducts his group and makes sure anything and everything is done so the victory is his. Also Michael does everything in his power to ensure the safety of his group. Whenever Michael advises the group, he makes sure every detail is covered so there is no chance of error. Firstly, when all of the group members are trying to put together the details of what the Sealand woman says, Michael tries to figure it out by saying, But what she seemed to me to be putting across was that she was particularly surprised to convalesce it among (140-141).Michael discusses what is heard with the group. Secondly, when David, Petra and Rosalind are on the run, Michael keeps filling them in and tells them, Theyll start to follow your tracks as soon as its light. Better get moving soon. I dont know how it is in front of you, but (142-143). Michael helps his group by telling them all the information he knows. The information Michael finds out and passes onto the expect of the group, is helpful for their goal of getting out of Waknuk wit hout getting caught.Lastly, when David, Petra and Rosalind are on the run, while Petra and Rosalind are sleeping, Michael tells David, You mustnt let them get hold of Rosalind or Petra distant better to kill them yourself than let that happen to them (143). Michael ensures that David knows that it is better for them to not live than to go through the torture the norms would put them through if they were to be caught. He tells David what the best thing to do is if they are in that situation. The group reaches their goals faster when Michael keeps filling them in on whats going on everywhere else and when he helps them with what needs to be done.In conclusion, in order for goals to be reached, a group needs strong leaders for guidance and direction. David gives precise orders as a leader, which helps everything to be done quicker and there are more chances of the plan being successful. There are times when Gordon gives strong orders, causing people following the orders to go out of their way to fulfill them. Michael is a good leader who will do everything possible to keep his group away from any danger. Good leaders possess strong leadership qualities such as guidance and direction that help to succeed in what needs to be accomplished.

Prostitution Should Be Legalized

Prostitution should be legalized Prostitution was estimated to date back to at least 2400 B. C, along with doctor, scribe, barber and cook (Little kn avow facts in the prostitution contend, n. d. ). Despite this length of service, whether sex sedulousness should be legalized or not is passive a controversial issue that takes a lot of time to find the best decision. In my opinion prostitution should be legalized for a conk out prostitutes workings condition, for a lower sexu all toldy transmit diseases rates and an enhanced power of governments toward this job.To begin with, prostitutions legitimation with rules setting prostitutes rights and duties go forth help to succeed them with a better working condition. In endow situation, sex histrions argon being treated in a subhuman way. Suraya, a sex worker was reported to have been beaten, threaten by a knife, raped many times, stolen all money and finally propel out of the car by her own customer (Pauw and Brener,1998). N ot only be customers victims, prostitutes also are exploited by their pimps.Kudlow (2006) found that even though the girls take home the cash, make no mistakes, the pimp gets all the money. There is no such(prenominal) thing as a commission, percentage, cut, kickback, or dividend. Moreover, according to chip sexual exploitation and trafficking in Indonesia (2004), in Indonesia, one third of sex workers are being underage girls. These girls have not grown up both(prenominal) physical part and mental part, further they are swept into this job too early, which cigaret turn them to a disastrous end.These raw facts, which are requiring for an imperative action from the government, set an alarm to stir us up. If there is an official legalization along with rules setting about prostitutes rights and duties, the pimps will no chronic be able to coerce these sex workers, these workers can receive their salary fairly and underage girls will be prevented from entering this job too early . Secondly, prostitutions legalization with rules requiring semiweekly health checks will help to reduce sexually transmitted rates through this service.Sexually transmitted diseases, which are haunting a issue of infected people and their families, are all indian lodges interest. The sex industrys legalization with a requirement to access periodic health checks is an intelligent method for this problem. Prostitutes with sexually transmitted rates will be found out and treated in time, and also the number of people sensing diseases through prostitution will be reduced. Some third countries have gained a significant fall in sexually transmitted rates in this way such as Kenya and Senegal.After the prostitutions legalization, the number of condoms used by sex workers in Kenya had increased to more than 80%. In Senegal, by special clinical services such as offering regular examinations and treatments for registered prostitutes, HIV prevalence among pregnant women had fallen into u nder 1% (Steen, as cited in Liberator, 2005). Obviously, prostitutions decriminalization with rules requiring periodic health checks is the best way to lower STDs rates through prostitution as well as improve the social health.Finally, present laws with its prohibition against sell sex have not come up with peoples expectation. Almost everywhere in the unify States, sex workers and their customers are penalized for what they did as go for adults. However, after having paid the fines, sex workers come back to streets with their work and no decrease in the number of them has been reported. withal in this review of legalizations benefits, they added that Making prostitution legal will allow the act to be managed instead of ignored.In addition to this situation, present laws do not provide prostitutes with overflowing protection. A prostitute murder confessed to have killed a total of forty eight sex workers because he knew he would not be held accountable and it took law 20 year s to detect his crime (Ditmore, 2007). Some people may argue that prostitutes and their job break the societys morality. This opinion only focuses on the merit of the surface, considering prostitutes as criminals and criticizing them, not regarding to the fact that they are also human, they also have to labor inturn of money.According to a scan (Lobert, n. d. ) named What do you involve conducted among prostitutes, 78% need home and safe places, 58% need health care and 42% need legal assistance. These girls are vitality in a subhuman life, they are requiring all basic needs. Moreover, prostitution will always exist because its serving important function in societies (Kingsley & Davis, as cited in Kendall, 1998). Without customers demand, prostitution would no longer be able to continue. Consequently, prostitutes deserve to work under the laws patronage.In conclusion, based on the real situations, prostitution should be legalized. on with the legalization, there will be rules se tting about allowed age, working condition and health check requirement. This legalization not only brings about a better working condition for those sex workers, simply also contributes to reduce sexually transmitted diseases, and thus build up a better world.References Kendall, D. E. (1998). Social problems in a diverse society. Chapter 7, p. 136, p. 141. United States. Kudlow, M. (2006). change sex. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//thegauntlet. ca/story/10365 Liberator, M. (2005). Legalized prostitution Regulating the oldest profession. Retrieved November 21, 2009 from http//liberator. net/articles/prostitution. hypertext markup language Little known facts in the prostitution debate (n. d. ). Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//prostitution. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000116 Lobert, A. (n. d. ). Prostitution statistics-the real truth. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//powerhouse-ministry. rg/annielobert_prostitution. aspx Pauw, I. & Brener, L. (1997). Naming the endangerment of working on the street, p. 80. Agenda Feminist Media. Available online at http//www. jstor. org/pss/4066227 Raymond, J. & Ditmore, M. (2007). Debating legalized prostitution. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//humantrafficking. org/updates/643 UNICEF (n. d. ). Fighting sexual exploitation and trafficking in Indonesia. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_23650. htmlProstitution Should Be LegalizedProstitution should be legalized Prostitution was estimated to date back to at least 2400 B. C, along with doctor, scribe, barber and cook (Little known facts in the prostitution debate, n. d. ). Despite this length of service, whether sex industry should be legalized or not is still a controversial issue that takes a lot of time to find the best decision. In my opinion prostitution should be legalized for a better prostitutes working condition, for a lower sexually transmitted diseases rates and an enhanced power of governments toward this job.To begin with, prostitutions legalization with rules setting prostitutes rights and duties will help to provide them with a better working condition. In present situation, sex workers are being treated in a subhuman way. Suraya, a sex worker was reported to have been beaten, threaten by a knife, raped many times, stolen all money and finally thrown out of the car by her own customer (Pauw and Brener,1998). Not only be customers victims, prostitutes also are exploited by their pimps.Kudlow (2006) found that even though the girls take home the cash, make no mistakes, the pimp gets all the money. There is no such thing as a commission, percentage, cut, kickback, or dividend. Moreover, according to Fighting sexual exploitation and trafficking in Indonesia (2004), in Indonesia, one third of sex workers are being underage girls. These girls have not grown up both physical part and mental part, but they are swept into this job too early, which can turn them to a disastrous end.These raw facts, which are requiring for an urgent action from the government, set an alarm to wake us up. If there is an official legalization along with rules setting about prostitutes rights and duties, the pimps will no longer be able to coerce these sex workers, these workers can receive their salary fairly and underage girls will be prevented from entering this job too early. Secondly, prostitutions legalization with rules requiring periodic health checks will help to reduce sexually transmitted rates through this service.Sexually transmitted diseases, which are haunting a number of infected people and their families, are all societys interest. The sex industrys legalization with a requirement to access periodic health checks is an intelligent method for this problem. Prostitutes with sexually transmitted rates will be found out and treated in time, and also the number of people catching diseases through prostitution will be reduced. Some third countr ies have gained a significant fall in sexually transmitted rates in this way such as Kenya and Senegal.After the prostitutions legalization, the number of condoms used by sex workers in Kenya had increased to more than 80%. In Senegal, by special clinical services such as offering regular examinations and treatments for registered prostitutes, HIV prevalence among pregnant women had fallen into under 1% (Steen, as cited in Liberator, 2005). Obviously, prostitutions decriminalization with rules requiring periodic health checks is the best way to lower STDs rates through prostitution as well as improve the social health.Finally, present laws with its prohibition against selling sex have not come up with peoples expectation. Almost everywhere in the United States, sex workers and their customers are penalized for what they did as consenting adults. However, after having paid the fines, sex workers come back to streets with their work and no decrease in the number of them has been repor ted. Also in this review of legalizations benefits, they added that Making prostitution legal will allow the act to be managed instead of ignored.In addition to this situation, present laws do not provide prostitutes with enough protection. A prostitute murder confessed to have killed a total of forty eight sex workers because he knew he would not be held accountable and it took police 20 years to detect his crime (Ditmore, 2007). Some people may argue that prostitutes and their job break the societys morality. This opinion only focuses on the merit of the surface, considering prostitutes as criminals and criticizing them, not regarding to the fact that they are also human, they also have to labor inturn of money.According to a survey (Lobert, n. d. ) named What do you need conducted among prostitutes, 78% need home and safe places, 58% need health care and 42% need legal assistance. These girls are living in a subhuman life, they are requiring all basic needs. Moreover, prostitutio n will always exist because its serving important function in societies (Kingsley & Davis, as cited in Kendall, 1998). Without customers demand, prostitution would no longer be able to continue. Consequently, prostitutes deserve to work under the laws patronage.In conclusion, based on the real situations, prostitution should be legalized. Along with the legalization, there will be rules setting about allowed age, working condition and health check requirement. This legalization not only brings about a better working condition for those sex workers, but also contributes to reduce sexually transmitted diseases, and thus build up a better world.References Kendall, D. E. (1998). Social problems in a diverse society. Chapter 7, p. 136, p. 141. United States. Kudlow, M. (2006). Selling sex. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//thegauntlet. ca/story/10365 Liberator, M. (2005). Legalized prostitution Regulating the oldest profession. Retrieved November 21, 2009 from http//liberator. net/ articles/prostitution. html Little known facts in the prostitution debate (n. d. ). Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//prostitution. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=000116 Lobert, A. (n. d. ). Prostitution statistics-the real truth. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//powerhouse-ministry. rg/annielobert_prostitution. aspx Pauw, I. & Brener, L. (1997). Naming the danger of working on the street, p. 80. Agenda Feminist Media. Available online at http//www. jstor. org/pss/4066227 Raymond, J. & Ditmore, M. (2007). Debating legalized prostitution. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//humantrafficking. org/updates/643 UNICEF (n. d. ). Fighting sexual exploitation and trafficking in Indonesia. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_23650. html

Duality in The Tale of Two Cities Essay

A floor of Two Cities stands out in the list of Charles deuce compositions because the book is so assorted from anything he ever wrote. Novels that demon wrote before and after A level of Two Cities have been centralized around the Victorian culture, while A Tale of Two Cities hold ins place in Revolutionary France and England. Others venture so far as to say that a reader that has enjoyed A Tale of Two Cities will non like monster other works and vice versa. The stark differences found in the midst of A Tale of Two Cities and other classics, such(prenominal) as David Copperfield and Great Expectations, have not stopped A Tale of Two Cities from becoming an instant classic and one of dickens most powerful works of literature (A Tale of Two Cities 354). The book opens, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope. We had boththing before us, we had n othing before us. We were either tone ending direct to heaven, we were all going the direct other substance (Dickens 17). From the very beginning of the book, the parallels that atomic number 18 commonplace in Dickens begin to occur throughout A Tale of Two Cities (OMealy 245). Throughout A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses characterization, setting, opposing themes, and hu mankind nature to reinforce this central theme of duality. The setting in a Tale of Two Cities never stays the same, although it does fairly predictably stay between the countries of England and France. The outgrowth element of duality found in A Tale of Two Cities is outlined in these both cities relationships to each other. Although the wording of the title says a lot for itself, the devil cities do play an eaverageous wear out in the book and the way Dickens comp ars them. The duality of these two cities helps highlight plastered aspects that might not have otherwise noticed.Both the similarit ies and the dissimilarities described stain the cities of London and Paris mirror each other on some level. In the very beginning of A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens describes both(prenominal) cities as very grim and hopeless places because of the time period in which the book is set. Both countries are described ashaving headstrong kings who ignore the interestingness of the common man and believe very strongly in their right to have total, almost divine, control over all of their subjects. Religion in England had spiraled descending(prenominal) from communicating with Spirits to superstitious practices. France too was less reliant on religious revelations and concentrated more(prenominal)(prenominal) on cultural traditions and practices. In England, a someone who committed even the most minor forthense was subject to be hanged. France was a bit more lenient in the severity of punishment for such small crimes, but still was extreme. At the end of A Tale of Two Cities, the two countries where compared through the soulfulnessalities of a cut woman, Madame Defarge, and an Englishwoman, Miss Pross. The differences between the two cities are established very well through these comparisons (Dickens A Tale of Two Cities 202). Even the cities of Paris and London had more parallels in their different descriptions. Joseph cartonful describes both the cities as being earthly cities and that the city of God only existed in his masss. Right before cartonful is exiled to the guillotine, he has a vision that there will be a third city that will replace both London and Paris and all of their earthly imperfections (Davis 230).Duality is not only revealed in setting in the place A Tale of Two Cities occurs in, but also the time period in which the book was set. The french Revolution was a time in history in which extreme poverty and extreme wealth clashed and resulted in an internal rejection of all social systems that had been the norm up until this point. Dicken s himself reveals he is also divided in his opinion of the French Revolution. Throughout the book, Charles Dickens has an ambivalent attitude towards the French Revolution and seems not to be able to array with either the central government or the peasants. He does not display acceptance at all, and instead seems to view the wide Revolution in a very unsettling light. Charles Dickens does not offer his blunt opinion, as do so many other books written in this time period, but instead offers perspective by growth characters on both sides of the Revolution. Dickens displays his viewpoints based on the discreet musings of Manette. For example, The sister of Manette Defarge is raped by her very confess brother and is murdered by Marequis St. Evermondes, who is a from a rich French family and embodys the aristocratic aspect of the French Revolution. Manette sees the crime in satisfy. not only is Manette not able to stop it, but he is also imprisonedfor being a witness to the dreadfu l scene. These musings revealing Dickens viewpoints are based on the understanding that change will not come in a day and that days of very complicated give and take will have to occur in order for the Revolution to come full circle (Stout 30).Another very valuable attribute to the duality of Charles Dickens writing is the constant contrasting between thesis and antithesis occurring in the central themes of the book. For example, the theme of death is contrasted with the theme of resurrection. The themes of death and life are very almost intertwined in A Tale of Two Cities (Griffith 362). The two build off of one another in order that the other can exist. In the first book of the novel (which is divided into three separate books), the title is Recalled to Cities. Dr. Manette had been in prison for almost 25 years with very minimal human interaction. He is considered dead to humanity and to the productive world. In many of Dickens works, prison is a symbol for the grave. Critics sa y this may be because Dickens own begetter was absent during his own childhood due to his imprisonment at Marshasea. After Manette is released from prison, he is finding himself free for the first time in all these years to do what he pleases. The common sense of both release and relief that he feels in this moment can only be compared to resurrection. When Mr. Lotty travels from Paris to get Manette from prison, he views himself as actually picking up a body and taking it home. Lotty thinks to himself that it is as though Dr. Manette has been buried for so long that his body is beginning to legislate a conk out when he finally is able to be free. The quote Get out at last, with Earth hanging around his face and hands, he would of a sudden fall away to dust, from Lotty displays these beliefs. Lacre, the doctors daughter, also shares these beliefs that person who is emerging from prison after long years of imprisonment will have to be brought back to life. Dr. Manette cannot qui te let go of the hold the public opinion of death and rebirth has had on him. He struggled with a post-imprisonment mental disorder, sometimes cognize as cobbing, for some time, but finally is released by his daughter to begin the process of forgiving Darnay for the crimes he committed once against the St. Evermondes. This final release to do something as innately human as to forgive serves as another metaphor for resurrection (A Tale of Two Cities 359)The themes of order and disorder also play a large federal agency in the development of A Tale of Two Cities. The antithesis of these two opposingthemes also supports the overarching theme of duality. The book is set during the incredibly jarring years of the French Revolution. During these days, there is absolutely no way to predict whether or not the day will land total calamity or some sense of peace, much like the ocean and its uncertain weather. Dickens tends to use a lot of imagery involving the sea when describing the orde r and disorder of a particular situation. The mobs of heap standing in the town square during the heat of the Revolution were described as the living sea. Charles Dickens also uses the metaphor that Ernest Defarge was a man who was stuck in a whirlwind. Both Ernest Defarge and his wife were very active components of the Revolutionary and were constantly risking their lives for the greater good of the Revolution. Disorder breaks loose again as Darnay returns to Paris. He arrives in direct concordance to the September massacres that take place during that time. This was done deliberately by Dickens to demonstrate how the disorder of the French Revolution finds its way seeping into the lives of really anyone who lived during that time. The uncertainty between whether order or disorder will protrude the next chapter is something that is signature in Dickens writing in A Tale of Two Cities (A Tale of Two Cities 354). The contrast of characters is also a testament to the overarching the me of duality. Many of the characters play off of each other and are made stronger by the next. A couple even demonstrates the literary device of doppelganger. A doppelganger is a opposite to a character that helps bring out certain aspects of both the characters For instance, Ernest Defarge and Mr. Lotty are considered manifold of each other. They start out in near the same position, but then react in opposite shipway. Both Defarge and Lotty would identify themselves as businessmen. They also both cared for Dr. Manette during his time in prison. While Defarge becomes more and more resentful and filled with hatred, Mr. Lorry becomes more and more redeemed by his total change of heart and composure that his esteem for Darney induces (Lindsey 368).Another example of doppelganger in character is Charles Darnay and Sydney Carron and how these two opposites play off of one another. A doppelganger is a opposite to a character that helps bring out certain aspects of both the characters. The two are not merely ghostly and mental doppelgangers, but they also are basically physical replicas of each other. Sydney Carron and Charles Darnay were so physically indistinguishable thatSydney Carron was executed because the executors thought he was Charles Darnay. Critics suggest that Carron and Darnay represent the two opposite sides of the same psyche. Charles Darnay was on trial for allegedly spying, his brilliant lawyer found a way to release him from jail by show the witness Carron. The witness disclosed that he no longer felt like his account was legitimate because of the similarity in the two mens physical features and he felt it very well could have been a mistake. This case of mistaken identity occurs again when carton takes Darnays place on the gallows and no one catches the mistake (A Tale of Two Cities 354). In some ways other than in a physical context, however, the two men are opposed. Darnay, for example, is obsessed with the idea of making right the evils t hat his uncle, Marquis St. Evermonde, is responsible for. His uncle is the one who viciously raped Manettes sister and also serves as an example for the leading(a) French social class. Darnay travels to Paris in the heat of the September massacres and is almost killed in the heat of one. His entire reason for traveling to France, however, was to try to save Gabelle, who was a servant for the family some time back. However, Darnay is unsuccessful in his attempts.On the other hand, Carney discloses to Lucie those years ago he was a very lazy and unproductive member of society. Carton, however, is regarded as a brilliant lawyer, who just has been held back because of his substance abuse problems. He has just recently finally become successful in developing a bid for Darnays release from the prison, and therefore secures even more his status as a legitimate lawyer. The result of his successes, however, is ultimately his life when he sacrifices his own for Darnay. Darnay, conversely, ha s led a very moral and upstanding life but is not as successful of a character as Carton in most perspectives. He works long and hard but is usually not rewarded for his efforts. Darnay really is only successful as a inactive figure in his marriage. Darnay and Carton seems to start at the same place, but then start to switch places as the story progresses. For instance, at the beginning of the book, Carton is presented almost as an antagonist. He seems to not be able to get his life together. He struggles with alcoholism and cannot seem to nail out his priorities. Conversely, Darnay seems to be the consider opposite. He seems to have everything together and then by some poor twist of luck lands himself a convicted prisoner. Towards the end of the book though, Carton on the otherhand, turns around his ways and becomes a much more productive and moral member of society, especially when he sacrifices his own life for Darnay and takes his place on the gallows (Lindsey 362).The similar ities between Carton and Darnay do not stop with appearance and having personalities that over time turn into each others. The characters are also both in love with the same girl. Both Carton and Darnay seem to be very generous in their motives but express these motives in completely different ways. While Carton seems to be a bit of a misfit in society and does not really have anyone to that needs him, he can be more unselfish than Darnay. Darnay has a family at home who needs him and so he cannot be as liberal in how he chooses to display his generosity. Darnay is very well make and seems to be much more logical when it comes to his emotions and how he controls them. Carton is a very emotion oriented character who just is led mostly by impulse and does not seem to weigh out pros and cons as Darnay sensibly does. Both characters want the same thing ultimately, but choose different ways of expressing these interests. Cartons gesture of complete selflessness highlights the fact that there is good in spite of all the inhumanity of the French revolution. Carton takes an action that should display cruel justice and turns it into something that shows purity and redemption also showing the duality of his character. This scene also supports the theme of death and resurrection. (Tale of Two Cities 359). Charles Dickens also uses characterization to display some of his own views on the French revolution. Davis Woman notes that Dickens weak development of his characters in A Tale of Two Cities is not just a common flaw in his writing or due to some laziness on his part. Instead, this ambiguity of whom the characters really are actually paints a portrait into his deeper feelings about what is going on socially in this time. The characters are not individuals who Dickens has created to stand alone.They are vessels that seem to transport certain behavioral patterns that Dickens wants to display in A Tale of Two Cities. The characters reactions to events and dialogues are not to envelop who they are as a character and the part they play in the book. Instead, they show different sides of the revolution that the author wanted the reader to see through first hand experience. He also uses doppelganger and manifold in order to getthat point across to the reader. The characters in A Tale of Two Cities are very repetitive in their thought and behaviors and are not usually given to change except in the sense of Carton. As the characters are formed throughout the book, we become aware of social implications we unremarkably would not have been aware of. As the reader becomes critical of Carton for his abuses of alcohol and being very lazy over all, we start to question our own judgment as the character of Carton starts to improve as a person. When he emerges as a hero at the end of the book, the reader realizes how many other individuals were judged prematurely during this time for not acting like a part of the social norm. To the contrary, the reader starts to form generalizations about Darnays character and again turn out to be wrong. At the end of the book, the reader is confused about the authors meaning in Darnay and Cartons morality (Stout 30-31).In A Tale of Two Cities, the author uses the characters flaws to point out many things about the duality of human nature. Cartons alcohol problems highlight many issues not only in his own personal life but also draws parallels throughout the book about the ordinary truth that humans are not just what meets the eye, but also have many deep-rooted streaks that they are purposefully hiding from the world. Carton seems to be the novels character whose morality is called into question, but in reality, it should be Darnay. He may not seem like he is the type of person to struggle inwardly with substance abuse issues such as alcohol, but inwardly, he is the one who hosts the most ethical and moral issues. Carton is lost in a daily routine that includes hurting his body with alcohol with his daily patterns that can hardly be managed. The internal motivation for man is something that is not known to the outside observer (Sims 219). It is a wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other. A solemn consideration when I enter a great city by night.That everyone of these darkly clustered houses encloses its own secrets, every room is ample with its own secrets (Dickens 15). Carton reveals his love to Lucie in a way that can only be described as ambivalent. Dickens use of paradox and doubles is only exemplified further through Cartons very complicated and tangled love affair with Lucie, although it is very one sided. Dickens usage of the amity in constructing paradox does not stop short of the plot, however, and uses it in his grammar as well. Dickensuses the one sided tricolons to demonstrate this symmetry. Dickens is known for this type of anaphora. For example, when Carton is going to visit Lu cie to tell her that he is in love with her, he tells her that he is in love with her fondly, dearly, disinterestedly, devoted. This quadruplet set of words embodies both paradox and two sets of doubles and is a prime example for Dickens style. In a speech to Lucies father, later in the passage, he uses another set of these descriptive quadruplets. Cartons words are supposed to be seen as persuasive and not judgmental, although they seem to come off as both (Patterson 30). Charles Dickens integrates many different pairs of characters, places, and themes that make it near impossible for the reader to read A Tale of Two Cities without gathering some feeling and understanding more about the book than just the plot. Although A Tale of Two Cities is different from Dickens other works, it remains a powerful piece of literature that provokes thought and shows purposefulness in a dark time in the history of France. The duality in A Tale of Two Cities displays the idea that there is a silver lining against every cloud and events are not always as stark and hopeless as they seem. There is a different side to every story (A Tale of Two Cities 558-360).Works CitedA Tale of Two Cities, Novels for Students. Ed. Sheryl Ciccarelli and Marie RoseNapierkowski. Vol. 5. Farmington Hills Gale, 1999. 351-360. Print. Davis, Paul. Charles Dickens from A to Z The Essential credit entry to His Life andWorks. New York Checkmark, 1998. Print.Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. New York Penguin, 2007. Print. Dickenss A Tale Of Two Cities. Explicator 53.4 (1995) 204. donnish anticipatePremier. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.Griffith, George V. rebuke A Tale of Two Cities. Novels for Students. Ed. Sheryl Ciccarelli and Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. Five. Farmington Hills Gale, 1999. 362-364. Print. Lindsey, Jack. A Tale of Two Cities, Novels for Students. Ed. Sheryl Ciccarelli and Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. Five. Farmington Hills Gale, 1999. 362-364. Print. O Mealy, Joseph H. Dickens A Tale o f Two Cities, Explicator 42.2 (1984)10,3.Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 January 2013.Patterson, Frank M. Dickenss A Tale of Two Cities. Explicator 47.4 (1989)30. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.Sims, Jessica. Dickens A Tale of Two Cities. Explicator. 63.4 (2005) 219-222.Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 January 2013.1999. 362-364. Print.Stout, Daniel. Nothing Personal The Decapitation Of Character In A Tale Of Two Cities. Novel A Forum On legend 41.1 (2007) 29-52. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.

The Advantages Imparted By Resin Addition To Conventional Glass Ionomer Outweigh The Disadvantages

Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) is created when ion-leachable calcium alumino-silicate scratch powder that expresss fluoride reacts with polyalkenoic sharp. Recently, the office of GIC has been extensive in dentistry as it chamberpot be modified by combining it with several(prenominal) substances and the properties can be further enhanced. GIC cementumumum was initially developed by Wilson and Kent in England in the year 1972 (Graig, 2002). When created earlier, the GIC was non an esthetical bodily and did not have any translucency. It was employ to full only small class V techy lesions.It was easy modified and can be used in several clinical serve upes untold(prenominal) as luting, as a lining and a base, etc. GIC has certain unique properties that may not be model in any other corporeal. It helps to conserve the tooth structure and it at pose amazes with the tooth. The GIC cement directly adhesivenesss to the dentine present in the tooth. It helps to remineralise bodily cavity and hence can be utilised by preserving the tooth material. The GIC cement slowly releases fluoride over a long-period. This property of GIC can also be utilized in pit prevention and in patients having a high-risk of developing dental caries (Mount, 1998).The powder present in the rosin-modified GIC cement is somewhatwhat similar to the stodgy GICs. The liquid contains monomers and polymers to ensure the heartiveness of the GIC cement is change magnitude (Graig, 2002). The GIC cement has usually two comp whizznts, a powder and a liquid. The powder is a ion-leachable alumina-silicate glass. The liquid contains polymers and copolymers of acrylate resin acidic dissolved in water. During the setting reaction Aluminium ions and calcium ions ar released by the glass and polymers release acid groups.The setting reaction takes place slowly and results in the formation of a cross-linked mousse matrix. Aluminium ions may be exchanged slowly in the gel matrix which h elps to strengthen it. This process occurs very slowly until the final set. The calcium present in the gel matrix may join with the exposed GIC cement bonds employ both diffusion an the adsorption phenomenon (Mount, 1998). When the freshly cut tooth surface is vilificationed with GIC, the polyalkenoic acid plays a very important role in initiating adhesion. The carboxyl ions present in the acid displaces the phosphate ions present in the apatite crystals.The Calcium phosphate-polyalkenoate crystalline thickening formed at the interface of the tooth surface and the GIC material plays a very important role in bonding. This phenomenon is frequently-known as diffusion based adhesion (Mount, 1998). When the arbit ramble complex phase is subjected to acid graveing, it was more loathsome to etching than the other portions of the tooth. When forces were applied to debond the income tax return to the tooth, the complex phase formed was remaining behind. The carboxyl group of the pol yacid of the GIC combines with the collagen molecules of the dentin to form a bond.The strength of this bond may be increased by using conditioning agents such(prenominal) as citric acid and hydrogen peroxide which help to remove the sully layer. However, polyacrylic acid is the best material in removing the smear layer and improving adhesion. Polyacrylic acid helps to remove the smear layer, tho does not interfere with the dentinal plugs that block the entry into the dentinal tubules. This helps to prevent the development of hypersensitivity undermentioned restoration. This solution can also be utilized remove the smear layer (Mount, 1998). The Cement so formed may have a lot of limitations which may tie use.GIC cement is slightly more soluble in the saliva comp atomic number 18d to several other alveolar consonant cements especially the resin containing cements. However, GIC cement is more resistant to solubility than other cements such as silicate cements. Another riddle o f GIC cement is that it may begin to disintegrate in the oral cavity when certain problems such as zerostomia or Sjogerns syndrome ar present. This is because the GIC cement tends to lose its moisture in the oral cavity. In such a circumstance, GIC restorations have to be re lay every few months or maximum on an annual basis.Frequently, the cement has to be cove deprivation by a manifold resin lining to ensure that the GIC cement does not face the ruth little surroundings of the mouth, especially in Sjorgrens syndrome (Mount, 1998). Resin modified GIC cements helps to make the material more resistant to both excessive solubility in the oral cavity and excessive terminal from unfavourable conditions present in the mouth such as Sjogrens syndrome (Mount 1998). GIC cement tends to quash slowly with time. The shrinkage on an average basis (volumetrically) is close 3 %.This shrinkage develops slowly over a period of time. On the tooth side of the restoration, as the GIC combines w ith the collagen and the tooth surface to form a bond, the shrinkage may not be very oftentimes to result in debonding of the restoration from the tooth. The melody relaxation is not some(prenominal) on the tooth side of the restoration. When the cement tends to set slowly, it usually absorbs water and also dissolves slightly more in the saliva. lento setting cements overall do not have good windup(prenominal) properties but anyway shrink less than the faster setting GICs.A cavity varnish or a Composite Resin may have to be applied to the surface of slow-setting GIC cement in order to protect if from the oral surround during the initial stages spare-time activity setting. In resin-modified GIC cements, even if the resin content is nigh 5 %, it would result in reduced amounts of shrinkage at the time of placement. The shrinkage that develops over a period of time occurs lots more slowly. The adhesion formed mingled with the tooth surface and the GIC helps to limit shrinkage to some extent (Mount,1998). GIC cements are weak material and lack rigidity.They are susceptible to shifting compared to other materials such as dental amalgams and composite resins. Those restorations with GIC prepared in high stress bearing areas, having high occlusal load, usually fail deep down a short period of time. However, research suggests that the resin-modified GIC cements have a dampen strength compared to the formulaic GIC cements. The transverse strength of resin-modified GIC cement is almost twice that of stately GIC cement (Graig, 2002). They also have higher displacement safeguard, almost comparable to micro-filled composite resins.On an average, the compressive strength of conventional GIC cements is astir(predicate) 70 to 220 MPa, and that for luting GIC cements is about 10 to 150 MPa. The compressive strength for a resin-modified GIC cement is about 110 to 220 MPa. The tensile strength for conventional GIC cements is about 12 to 16 MPa and that for luti ng GIC cement is about 6 to 15 MPa. The tensile strength of resin -modified GIC cement is about 15 to 16 Moa. The Shear strength of the conventional GIC cement is about 30 to 40 MPa and for the luting GIC cement is about 20 to 25 MPa.On the other hand, the resin-modified GIC cement has shear strength of about 60 to 70 MPa. During the early geezerhood, the GIC cements did not have a good compressive and tensile strengths. However, like a shot due to advancements in the materials, the compressive and tensile strengths of conventional GIC is approaching that of resin-modified GIC and also the microfilled composite resins (Mount, 1998). However, the resin-modified GIC cements should only be utilized in low stress bearing areas. They can be utilized in patients having a high-caries rate as the GIC cement has anti-cariogenic properties (Graig, 2002).Many dental practitioners consider using cermets cements or sliver-impregnated GIC cements in load-bearing areas as they would tactile sen sation that it helps improve the facture toughness of the GIC. However, this is a wrong perception as cermets cements only help to improve the abrasive resistance. Conventional GIC cements have a reasonable amount of resistance to scratch line. They may be susceptible to abrasion during the initial stages next placement (Mount 1998). Self-curing GIC cements may have moderate translucency, but this may take several days to develop.Self-curing GIC cements tend to be affected by the presence of water during the initial period following setting. Hence, self-curing GIC cements may have to be carefully sealed during placement for at least 24 hours until some amount of translucency is achieved. The technique of placement plays a very important role in the slick of conventional GIC. Resin-modified GIC cements show a much infract translucency compared to the conventional GIC cements. The translucency is achieved at a time following curing with light. The translucency may slightly worsen over the next few days following placement, but this may not be perceived to the eye.Following this, the translucency improves again and sometimes it even achieves a greater amount of translucency compared to that obtained following curing (Mount, 1998). HEMA (about 15 to 25 %), certain polymerisable groups (1%) and a photo-initiator are present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement. The light activation of the GIC enables polymerization of the resin, and the chemical reaction between the liquid and the powder components of the GIC goes on as in an auto-curing system. The final setting of the resin-modified GIC cement is the same as that of conventional cement.As HEMA is present in the liquid component of the resin-modified GIC cement, using thinly consistency cements would bring about a higher HEMA content in the final set mixture. A thick mixture would contain 4. 5 % HEMA, whereas thinly-mixed GIC cement would contain about 15 % HEMA. The HEMA is capable of dra wing water from the oral environment and degrading. Further, HEMA is released into the dentin. The presence of certain trace elements in the GIC cement brings about an oxidation-reduction reaction and ensures that the HEMA is not left behind. Hence, water is not absorbed from the environment by the GIC cement.During the setting of the resin-modified GIC cement, two basic reactions occur between the powder and the liquid. The first is the acid-base reaction between the polyalkenoic acid and the glass powder. Two separate matrices are formed, one is a hydrogel of the ionomer salts and the other is a poly-HEMA matrix. When these two matrices are formed, the interactions prevent the acid-base reactions from completing. The HEMA particles allow begin to set following activation by light, and impart prevent the auto-curing GIC cement from absorbing water almost promptly (Mount, 1998).This will also ensure that a greater amount of strength is achieved by the restoration almost immediate ly (Graig, 2002). The acid-base reaction, the light-curing reaction (along with the presence of the photo-initiator) and the oxidation-reduction reactions ensure that adequate cross-linking takes place in the resin-modified GIC cement. The light-curing reaction ensures sufficient and immediate hardening of the GIC mass provided the light activation is performed. The acid-base reaction will continue for a few days to bring about hardening within a few days.The cross-linking formed in the acid-base reactions and the HEMA matrix will ensure that water is not taken up by the GIC mass. The 5 to 15 % HEMA present in the GIC ensures that water is not immediately taken up by the GIC mass. However, as a sufficient bill of substances present in the conventional GIC cement is present, the chances of dehydration following the initial setting reaction are still high. Hence, light-cured resin-modified GIC cement should also be protected with a low-viscosity resin sealant (Mount, 1998).When resin -modified GIC cement is utilized as a base downstairs composite resin restorations, there is no need to etch the GIC cement before inserting the composite resin material. HEMA helps in forming a chemical bond between the GIC cement and the composite resin. Efforts should be made during the etching process to prevent accident etching of the GIC cement. However, etching the GIC cement would not result in an adverse affect. When GIC cement is utilized below amalgam restorations, it is better to use resin-modified GIC cement as it can tolerate higher strengths compared to the conventional GIC cements (Graig, 2002).Resin-modified GIC cements are frequently utilized below composite resin restorations since the year 1985, so as to lower microleakage. Besides, fluorides released by the GIC would ensure that secondary caries does not develop. The composite resin would ensure that crack aesthetic effects of the restoration would be maintained. Fluorides leached by the GIC would ensure that the restoration has some anti-cariogenic effect. Earlier, conventional GIC cement was utilized below composite restorations, and only mechanical interlocking between both the materials occurred.The GIC present below the resin material was lost over a period of time. There is no chemical bonding between the GIC and the composite resin restoration and hence, the bond strength is very poor. The use of rein-modified GIC cements present below composite resins helps to improve the bond strength as a chemical bonding would be formed between the monomer present in the GIC and certain substances present in the composite resin (Taher, 2007). The GIC utilized in a laminate or get up technique can be used in two fashions, that is open sandwich and closed sandwich technique.In the open sandwich technique, portions of the GIC are exposed to the oral cavity. The GIC is not only utilised to cover the exposed dentin but is also placed peripherally to form a type of seal. In the closed technique, th e GIC covers the dentin and is in turn completely covered by the composite resin restoration. Using conventional GIC cements, the failure grade were 13 to 35 % within 2 long time and 75 % within 6 years. The conventional GIC cements placed were capable of degenerating to a greater extent in the saliva and are also susceptible to fracture due to decreased fracture resistance.Gradually, resin-modified GIC began to replace the conventional GIC under composite restorations. As resin-modified GIC cements have choice properties, they would ensure a longer life, and would also have an anti-cariogenic effect. Studies demonstrate that the resin-modified GIC developed better proprieties and was not much technique-sensitive compared to the conventional GIC cements. In the open-sandwich technique, the marginal seal developed by the resin modified GIC cement was much better than the composite resin materials and hence is pet.The caries rate was much less in the patients using Resin-modified GIC cements compared to the conventional GIC cements. A study was conducted by Dentists in a city in Sweden to study the effect of using resin-modified GIC cements on about 239 restorations. It was found that the 5 % of the restorations had become unacceptable after 3 years (that is about 5 % of all restorations treated with open-sandwich techniques had failed). Tooth fractures developed in about 2. 5 % of the restorations. Minor erosions of the GIC were observed in 4 %. Secondary caries developed only in one of the 239 restorations.The properties of resin-modified GIC cements is much superior to conventional GIC cement when utilized beneath composite restorations in a sandwich technique. The Resin-modified GIC cements are less susceptible to dissolve and disintegrate in the salvia compared to the conventional GIC cements. It also adapts well to the cavity walls and offers a chemical bonding with the composite resin. The failure rate with resin modified GIC cements was much less co mpared to that of conventional GIC cements. The sandwich technique can be utilized as an alternative to amalgam restorations especially in those with a high caries index.The restorations produced have a lower failure rate and has a much longer life. However, the use of resin-modified GIC cements for sandwich technique has not been studied on a long term basis (van Dijken, 1999). The bond strengths formed between resin-modified GIC cements and the composite resin materials was higher compared to that between the conventional GIC and the composite restorations following etch and bond technique. In etch and bond technique, the bond strength formed was about 2. 42 MPa compared to that of 6. 87 to 7. 05 MPa formed between the resin-modified GIC and the composite restorations (Knight, 2006).Another study conducted in the University of Cardiff by Chadwick et al (2007), demonstrated that resin-modified GIC cement had a much better success rate compared to conventional GIC cements. The failu re rates of conventional GIC cements were between 6. 6 to 60 %. The failure rates of resin-modified GIC cements were found to be between 2 to 14 %, suggesting superior mechanical properties. Some amount of evidence is present from past literature that resin-modified GIC cements could also be utilised to a certain extent in small and moderate sized class II restorations (Chadwick, 2007).A study was conducted to study the surface properties of resin-modified composite resins compared to that of conventional GIC and that of composite resin restorations. The materials were examined following polishing with atomic number 14 carbide. The composite resin restorations and the resin-modified GIC cements were more resistant to the effect of foodstuff such as tea, coffee and red wine on the restoration than the conventional GIC. The surface roughness of the composite resin restoration and the resin-modified restoration were much lesser compared to the conventional GIC restoration (Bagheri, 200 7).There are not much of differences in the composition of the resin-modified GIC and the conventional GIC cements. The resin-modified GIC contains a small percentage of monomers and polymers to bring about superior mechanical properties. Resin-modified GIC cements are more resistant to solubility and excessive disintegration from several factors that operate from within the oral cavity. The shrinkage that develops in resin-modified GIC is much slower and less compared to conventional GIC cement. Resinmodified GIC cements have higher transverse strengths, compressive strengths and fracture resistance compared to conventional GIC cements.Even the tensile strengths and the shear strengths of resin-modified GIC cements are higher than conventional GIC cements. However, resin-modified GIC cements should not be utilized in high stress bearing areas, as they could fail. Resin-modified GIC achieves its final properties almost immediately, following curing with light. Resin-modified cements have better properties when placed below composite and amalgam restorations. Below composite restorations, it forms a chemical bond with the composite. As its strength is higher, it can be utilized below amalgam restorations.It also helped to reduce the secondary caries rate as they released fluorides over a period of time. The surface properties of Resin-modified GIC are also much better compared to that of conventional GIC, and hence the aesthetic properties would be much better. All these superiorities do imply that Resin-modified GIC should be preferred for use in various situations. However, the Resin-modified GIC should not be utilized to fill large cavities in stress bearing areas, as they are susceptible to fail.

Hypercompetition

Jouma of merchandising Management, 1997, 13, 4 2 1 3 0 Evert Gummesson Stockholm University, School of Business, Stockholm, Sudden In Search of trade Equilibrium Relationship selling Versus Hyper contestation This composition is a discussion on work in progress conceming tke development qf relationship trade (RM). It is particularly focused on the imagination of merchandise counterbalance which is a merchandising management understanding to commercialize equilibrium, the tralatitious concept of neoclassic economic. The paper starts with a brief introduction to the authors onward motion to RJ4.It proceeds with a summary of the concept of merchandise equilibrium. The next scratch is a discourse on hyper rivalry, a partiailarly intense type of competition that has been observed by several authors. RM offers a selling supposition base on collaborationism with various stakeholders through large-term relationships, customer retention and loyalty. In contrast, hypercomp etitiett claims that customers uHU alter between suppUers at an inaeasingly faster rate and that competitors will reach increasingly hostile to one another.Two underlying interviews argon raised do RM and hypercompetition represent two conflicting just now coexisting skips that arc two(prenominal) growing in intensity? and How cornerstone this coexistence or conflict be conceptually handled? Tlie aim qf this paper is not to be complete and provide an answer, only to draw the averers precaution to hypercompetition as an opposite trend to RMand to offer a platform for further analysis and constructive and reflective scholarly dialogue. The 30R Approach to R M The 30R approach to RM is the outcome of an ongoing research project on the new markedng (Gummesson 1994, 1995). 0R refers to thirty reladonships that were give to exist in merchandising. During the research process, 3 core vari ables s tood out relatiorahips, profits and interacdon. A consequent definidon of RM t hen became RM is commercialiseing seen as reladonships, cyberspaces and interacdon. The 3ORs wiU not be listed here, but their basic structure wiU be given. A distinction is do between market reladonships (reladonships between actors in the market such as suppUers, customers, compedtors and intermedieiries), nd two types of non-market reladonships which cultivate an influence on market reladonships, but be not part of the market propier. These be mega reladonships (reladonships in society, above the market reladonships, such as reladonships to governments) and nano reladonships (reladonships inside organizadons, such as intemal customer reladonships). religious services markedng and ttie network approach to industrial market beget provided the primary theoredcal impietus for the author to explore the shortcomings 0267-257X/97/050421 + 10 $12. 00/0 1997nte Dryden Press 422Evert Gummesson of traditional marketing management theory. Both theories were bom in the 1970s and m ove over continued to giow in importance. The authors idea to merge the two goes tooshiebone to 1982 and has since been pursued and broadened (Gummesson 1983, 1987, 1995). The term RM, however, was not used in a general sense until about 1990 (see e. g. Christopher et al. 1991 Groru-oos 1994 Gummesson 1994 Hunt and Morgan 1994 Sheth 1994). Instead, monetary value Uke long-term moveive relationships, interactive marketing, network approach and a new concept of marketing were used.My resejtrch approach is theory generating and based on comparative, soft analysis and syniiieses between data from inductive, real-world studies received theories and new theories in the process of development. trade Equilibrium This section is an introduction to the general concept of marketing equilibrium and a discussion on certain aspects of the equilibrium. marketing equilibrium is a serendipitous outcome of the authors research on RM. The concept is further elaborated in Gummesson (1995, 19%). The trinity forces of marketing equilibrium argon competition, collaboration and edicts/institutions.Although Western economies argon repeatedly referred to as market economies with lighten competition as their ethos, in reality they be mixed economies in which competition coexists with collaboration and standards/ institutions. Marketing equilibrium contends that a sound market is the outcome of an optimal combination of the three forces of competition, collaboration and regulatiorw/institutions. As all kinds of equilibria in dynanuc envirorunents be unstable, it is a matter of heading toward a pitiful target, orJy r arly reaching it and only rarely staying there for any longer period of time.Whereas traditional marketing management literature primarily deals with competition, RM highlights collaboration. Collaboration implies that aU parties actively assume responsibility to make relationships functional. The authors oddment is that The focus on collaboration is the most im portant contribution from RM, with an impact on twain marketing management and political economy, and that collaboration in a market economy needs to be treated with the comparable attention and resped as competition. Although the third force, regulations/institutions, is not the theme of this paper, a few words will be said about it.Regulations indude both formal regulations through legislation, and informal codes of conduct through culture institutiorts are both formal authorities whose task is to ascertain that regulations are enforced, and phenomena such as the family or holiness that enforce a certain behaviour. In marketing rhetoric, regulations/institutionsand to a large extent also collaboration are treated with suspidon and as inhibiting competition and the dynamics Inputs to the 30R concept also came from traditional marketing management, gross r levelue management, quality management, orgaruzation theory, and other areas. The term real world data is iised here instead of experimental data. Thereasonis that too often researchers in business subject mistake empirical for qiiantitative, while in the geiieral language of sdence empirical refers to all types of data, whrther they come as qualitative, quantitative, or in any other format. In Search of Marketing Equilibrium Rdationship Marketing vs Hypercompetition 423 of an economy. In narketing practice, however, they are ubiquitous. Douglass North, Nobel see laureate in the economic sdences in 1993, has verbalizen that regulations/institutions are dynamic and demand elements of a narket economy (North 1993).Marketing equiUbrium attempts to see the social occasion of marketing management in the scene of sodety and on an industry and economics level. It should not be confused with the market equiUbrium of neoclassical theory of economics (also referred to as microeconomics or simply price theory). In neoclassical economics, the core variables are supply and pauperization balanced by the invisib le hand of price in a market of free competition. The market is assumed to be striving in the direction of a longterm equiUbrium in which aU prices are decent and all products are standardized. Customers and providers are anonymous masses.Companies and industries are not managing their production and sales, they are orUy ad sounding to exogenous market influences. All deviations from this idealized model axe referred to as unwanted imperfections. Although marketing management is offen described as an adaptation of neodassical economics, it is blatantly obvious from even a simple real-world study of markets, industries and individual companies, that a several(predicate) foundation for a marketing management theory is imperative. For example, services which constitute anything from 60 to 90% of todays economies (depending on definition) are not considered.The assumptions of neoclassical economics are simply not vaUd. There are signs that the post in coUaboration is gaining ground n ot only in real business life but also in marketing theory the most obvious being the upsurge of literature on RM and related to subjects such as customer loyalty and alUances. Brandenbuier and Nalebuff (1996) introduce the term co-opetition, which is a combination of co-operation and competition. They make that game theory is one possible charge of exploring this combination (the prisoners dilemma).Gray (1989) points to coUaboration as a etymon to multi-party problem and says (p. 54) Despite powerful incentives to collaborate, our capacity to do so is underdeveloped. In the same(p) meat Senge (1990), in his treatise on learning organizations and the need for dialogue says (p. 10) Interestingly, the practice of dialogue has been preserved in numerous primitive cultures but it has been almost completely lose to modem sodety. Today, the prindples and practices of dialogue are being redbcovered and put into a con shipboard context.EMalogue UteraUy means tlunking together There is ein extensive literature on competition both in marketing and economics. Particularly the books by Porter (1979, 1985) have received the attention of marketers. No stew wiU be made here to re mess the various aspeds of competition the treatment of competition will be directed to its role in the marketing equilibrium and to the properties of hypercompetition. In market economies, competition is hailed as the device device driver of economic evolution and a necessary condition for wealth. The customer is given a choice, and a supplier can never be sure to have the customer in its pocket.ITiis is a traditional view advocated by the business community, and to an extent also by the pubUc sector in more countries where deregiilation and privatization have become foreeful strategies. The countries of the Westem worldthe capitalist sodetiesare not genuine See Hunt and Morgan (1995) for further analysis of the shortcomings of neoclassical theory. 424 Evert Gummesson market economies. They are mixed economies in which market forces and regulations have entered into wedlock. In totally unregulated markets only few can obtain the necessities of life.For example, free markets give large corporations the freedom to off garnish competition, and those who cannot manage on the labour market are left to charity or misery. The oppositetotal regulation leads to rigidity. There is no general formula that tells us in what projx)rtions individual discretion and collective regulation should be mixed. Every market and period have to experience their own specific solution. Competition is a driver of certain types of change. Even if RM puts emphasis on collaboration, I would like to see RM as a synthesis of competition, collaboration and regulations/institutions.The issue is which combination of these will create the balancethe marketing equilibrium in each sptedfic situation. If either of the three forces becomes unduly powerful, the economy will suffer regulations/institutions is the sole force of a planned economy. To some extent there is a naive belief in competition to pose eachthing right. The global wave of privatization and deregulation is a reaction in markets that have become stified. It is an effort to find a marketing equilibrium. Bureaucratic and legal values have often led to a misguide interference by politidans and an unreal belief in centralized control of sodety.Although the term deregulation implies that regulations are abandoned, it is a search for more adequate laws and institutions which can become supportive to constructive forces of sodety and hold back destructive forces Deregulation is reregulation Some of the more conspicuous results from deregulation are found in the calve up of Bell in the US and guinea pig telecom operators in many countries have wooly-minded their monopoly the privatization of British government bodies such as the British Rail and the Airport Authority and the most outstanding of all, the breakdown of the communist planned economies.However, nobody so cold has been able to overview the long-term effects of deregulation and privatization. There are necessary elements of the market economy that competifion and the free market forces do not master. They can be expressed in two riddlees. The first paradox says regulations are needed to secure that free competition will not be curbed. In spite of adl sweet talk about competition, every individual guild or industry prefers to be spared the hazards of competitions (but they consider it essential for other comparues and industries). The second paradox says The purpose of competition is to get rid of competition.Competition attempts to reduce the infiuence of other suppliers by lower cost and prices, identify and difficult-tocopy offerings, or dominance of selected market niches. Hypercompetition The ideas on a new type of competition will be assembled under the umbrella concept of hjfpercompetition. They are taken from many sources, a mong them DAveni (1994), Hamel and Prahalad (1994), Moore (1996), and Verbeke and Peelen (1996). The term hypercompetition was first found in DAveni and the ensuing discussion on hypercompefition is mainly based on his concepts, but the comparison with RM strategies and the conclusions are my own.In marketing management and strategy, the recommendation is usually advanced that companies should build a sustainable competitive proceeds, so trammel In Search of Marketing Equilibrium Relationship Marketing vs Hypercompetition 425 price competition or even creating a monopoly-Uke situation. Hypercompefition is the opposite a companion should actively disrupt status quo and the current competitive advantages, both its own and those of competitors, in an environment of hypercompetition, advantages are rapidly created and eroded.Hypercompefition trends are identified in four arenas of traditional competition (DAveni 1994, pp. 13-17) /. Cos/ and quality arena For example, upstarts Uke So uthwest Airlines attack estabUshed carriers by slashing costs or enhancing quaUty, thus lowering the bottom of the market and raising the top of it. This behaviour counteracts the RM strategy of prevalent flyers programmes. 2. Timing and k right away-hot/ arena The first mover in the nnarket may create an advantage and sets up impediments to imitation. pursuit quickly try to overcome these, fordng the first mover to change its tactics.The know-how exploited by one gild is imitated by another and imitation becomes faster and faster eventually the innovator cannot recapture its R&D investment. 3. Strongholds arena Companies create entry barriers to keep the competition out Entrants circumvent the barriers, giving rise to a series of attacks and counterattacks. This is currently happening in intenontinental air services between major American carriers and national European carriers. The current war for mastery over the Intemet, with Microsoff and Netscape as the combatants, is anot her example. 4.Deep pockets arena This means having more money than the competition. The finandally stronger and usuaUy bigger companies can endure price competition from smaUer companies. The latter, however, can caU upon govemment regulations and form aUiances with others, thus fit out the financJal advantage. In marketing equilibrium, regulations is one of the balancing forces, and alliances is a collaborative RM strategy. For example, Microsoffs financial advantage has been counteracted by the aUiance between IBM and Apple. Information technology is a driver of hypercompetition.By using databases it is possible, and wiU be more so in the future, to quickly survey prices and other conditions, and select the best combination at each point of time. buying then becomes close to the system of exchanges. But even if comparisons of suppUers are made easier for customers, so many conditions are not comparable, for example, to 426 Evert Gummesson what extent can you assumption the supp lier. Trust and security are basic condidons for collaboradon and trust has proven to be a driver of business in all types of sodedes (Fukuyama 1995).DAveni concludes that the battle for compeddve advantage is eventuaUy impulsive the market back into a price-compieddve market. The outcome is the neodassical long-term equilibrium, although the road to this equiUbrium goes via marketing equilibrium and not just via price adjustments. He refers to the old compedfive equilibrium as looking stable because it moved so easy that it appeared stable. Hypiercompeddon is a coristant utter of disequiUbritim. DAveni deploys a revised 7Ss framework to propose hypiercompeddve strategies.The original 7Ss designed by the McKinsey consulting companycomprise seven factors for success structure, strategy, systems, style, skills, staff, and shared values. Successful hypiercompeddve firms need a new set of Ss in order to create disrupdon (p. 31ff). The first new S is stakeholder satisfacdon, referrin g to new ways of creating satisfied customers and a modvated eind charge work force. The second is strategic soothsajdng a process of seeking out new knowledge necessary for predicting or even creating new temporary windows of opportunity that compiedtors wiU eventuaUy enter but are not now served by anyone else (p. 2). The comparafive advantage of these two factors is the abiUty to win each dynamic strategic acdon with compiedtors (p. 32). The third and fourth Ss are spieed and surprise, both capabiUdes for disrupdon. The hypercompeddve company both reacts more quickly and is proacdve, thus taking the market with surprise. The final three are tacdcs for disrupdon. Shifting the rules includes new ways of sadsfying the customers and playing the marketing game with a new set of rules. Signals refer to announcements of strategic intent with the purpose of stalling acdons and misleading compiedtors.For example, a preannouncement of a coining product may make customers wait to see the new version and postpone planned purchases of competing products. Simultaneous and sequendal strategic thrusts are used by hypercompieddve firms to harass, paralyze, induce errors, or block compiedtors (p. 34). Several acdons are taken at the same dme in combinadons that make it difficult to understand what a compiedtor is actuaUy up to. In summary, whereas RM strives for stabiUty through long-term reladonships, hypercompieddon strives for uninterrupted disrupdon at an increasingly faster rate.In RM, security is found in stabiUty in hypercompeddon it is fotind in the ability to ceaselessly counteract instabiUty. The RM concept is by many authors broadened to comprise more than the suppUercustomer dyad,* for example, reladonships through alUances which is a way of counteracting hypercompieddon. The imaginary organizadon is a network-based company which transcends the tradidonal organizadonal boundaries. It can more freely acquire Jind drop resources through outsourcing (or earlie r resourcing) instead of investing in tradidonal growth (intemal or through acquisidon) the advantage of the deep pocket is thus offset. See Christopher et al. (1991), Kotler (1992), and Hunt and Morgan (1994), who have approached marketing as relationships with a series of stakeholders. This is in line with the 30R approach, but flie 3ORs go further and also establish relationships based on other than the stakeholder dimension. See Hedberg et al. (1994). Other terms representing the same phenomenon are virtual organizations, boundarykss organizations, and rwtwork organizations. In Search of Marketing Equilibrium Relationship Marketing vs Hypercmnpetition 427DAveni (1994) discusses the role of co-operation and collusion and says that they should only be used for hypercompetitive purposes. They are not long-term relationships, they are merely temporary strategies. He lists a number of generic instances of hypercompetitive use of collaboration (pp. 338-339) to gang up against others g roups to limit the existence of competition to biuld resojirces to buy time to gain access and to leam. Hunt and Morgan (1995) suggest a comparative advantage theory of competition within a marketing management paradigm, and they present a devastating survey of neoclassical economics.DAvenis conclusions are contrary to Hunt and Morgans he rewrites neoclassical theory, using marketing management theory as a lever. Interpreted in my terms, we depart from the original and simple form of neoclassical market equilibrium, go through a phase of marketing equilibrium, and arrive at a more educate level of market equilibrium. Hjrpercompietition goes beyond the neoclassical theory of perfect connpetition and restores it on a new level. through and through a series of disruptive moves, where competitive advantage is surpassed, an escalation toward perfect competition develops.This means that we are back in transaction marketing, the very evil to which RM is held to be the antidote. Conclusi ons for Discussion This paper has dealt with certain aspects of marketing equilibrium, one of several RM issues that preoccupy the authors nund during the ongoing research joumey into the world of RM. The paper is particular to the two trends of collaboration, advanced by the RM concept, and hypercompetition, advanced by authors on strategy and competition. A paradox is seemingly a contradiction it is not in actual fact a contradiction. An oxymoron is a combination of two phenomena that cannot be combined.So the first question in the beginning of the paper could be rephrased are RM and hypercompetition forming a paradox or an oxymoron? When I read up on the current literatxire on competition, I found that the new competition was described as more fierce and faster than ever before. It had affinity with marketing warfare which was in vogue in the 19S0s. It certainly seemed contradictory to the RM idea of long-term relationships and collaboration. In my present state of ignorance the answer is within the concept of the marketing equilibrium, both competition and collaboration coexist. They can do so and will do so.Our attention has to be directed to both of them. When competition becomes hypercompetition, collaboration may become hypercollaboration. Could it be that hypercompetition is the current driver of the upsuiging interest in RM and that RM tries to neutralize the effects of hypercompetition? To be Continued As this is work in progress, the issues that have been presented are not complete and the views are tentative and wiil be further studied. Among other issues concerning marketing equilibrium that are also being studied are the following Tlie marketing equilibrium which has so far been described could be seen as 28 Evert Gumntesson partial marketing equiUbrium. The RM researdi project is suggesting an extention into complete marketing equilibrium. It consists of a synthesis of RM and the theory of imaginary organizations where not only the market but also the organizations (suppUers, customers, competitors and others) and sodety are included in a network of interactive relationships (Hedberg et al. 1994 Gummesson 1996). In traditional marketing management and economics, the market is outside the company and nrketing activities are directed toward extemal customers.But there are also markets inside the company and marketing activities take place between intemal customers. This is laid bare in the treatment of the nano relationships of the 30R approach. Both intemal and extemal customers interact in networks of relationships. The boundaries between the inside and the outside have dissolved and both can be seen as parts of the same networks. Another area is the black economy with tax evasion, bribery, fraud, and organized crime as additional and disrupting forces of competition. One of the relationships in the 30R approach is named The Criminal web.For example, Blumberg (1989) has pointed out that the strength of the market econom y competition and the profit incentiveencourages fraud. It pays to cheat He calls this the paradox of the market economy. Everybody is familiar with it from jobs and private consumption, but it is move under the carpet in marketing theory and textbooks. The Literature prefers the idealized image competition as the driver to create customer satisfaction and customer perceived quality to give customers everything they want and are willing to pay for and to offer numerous options for consumers.Customers are asked about satisfaction and quality, but their knowledge is limited and the ignorance of the customer is exploited. Neither market economies through competition, nor command economies through regulations, have proven themselves capable of handling environmental and ecological issues. What has been achieved is primarily the outcome of voluntary pressure group activity and law enforcement. militant forces have clearly not provided enough incentive for the market to innovate and re innovate in the field.One of the relationship in the 30R approach is The Green Relationships, adding a relationship angle to environmental issues. Probably most of the achievements for a long time will only come through legislation (regulations), tight control and litigation (institutions). laughingstock the marketing equilibrium conceptually include environmental and ecological issues? After the musical composition Presentation An addendum In the discussion following its presentation, the paper was criticized on two points in peirticular (1) The choice of the term marketing equiUbrium.The critics said and some were dearly provoked by the term that it gives the wrong connotation and that the term is so heavily committed to neoclassical economic theory that people will not be able to see my point. Suggested substitutes were dynamic balance or optimal combination. EquiUbrium, it was claimed, conveys the idea that such a state exists and it is just a matter of time long-term, thou gh) before it is reached. In defence of the term but I intend to give it more thought) I would like to claim that equilibrium can be perceived as dynamic and unattainable, but still have a value n Search of Marketing Equilibrium Relationship Marketing vs Hypercompetition 429 in providing direction, although the journey is a never-ending journey. Perhaps the provocation as such is o( value. When a new thought or term is met with aggressions from several established scholars it may have hit a sore spot it may even be important. The original intention was to show that equilibrium from the idealized and imrealistic assumptions of neoclassical theory could be supplemented by a marketing management-oriented equilibrium based on real-world premises.Neoclassical economics currently seems to be no more than a computer game for freehanded entertainment and career boosting under the disguise of sdence. To me, the contrast between market and marketing, designating an economics versus a managem ent approach but still indicating affinity, makes the term expressive. Whatever term I choose, however, I am confident that economists and me-too researchers wiU not be impressed. 2. Hyper was claimed by Americans to mean too much, for example a hyperactive child is active to a degree that implies mental and/or physical disorder.The British perceived it as very much, for example a hypermarket which is a bigger European version of a supermarket. perhaps this is evidence of the validity of Oscar Wildes statement that England and America are two countries separated by a customary language. On the other hand, maybe too much is also a correct interpretation. For many of us, hypercompetition is probably too much. Personally, it makes me nervous. References Blumberg, P. (1989), The Predatory Society, immature York, Oxford University Press. Brandenburger, A.M. and Nalebuff, B. J. (1996), Co-opetition, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press. Christopher, M. , Payne, A. and Ballant)Tie , D. (1991), Relationship Marketing, London, Heinemarm. DAveni, R,A. (1994), Hypercompetition, New York, The forego Press. Fukuyama, F. (1995), Trust, New York, The Free Press. Gray, B. 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